Emotional and physiological responses of fluent listeners while watching the speech of adults who stutter (original) (raw)
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Psychophysiological responses of adults who do not stutter while listening to stuttering
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2006
The present study examined the psychophysiological responses of fluent listeners to stuttered speech. Specifically, skin conductance and heart rate changes were measured from adults who do not stutter while watching one-minute video speech samples of persons stutter read aloud. Fifteen adult participants observed three stuttered and three fluent speech samples, presented in random order with a two-minute interstimulus intervals. Results revealed that observing stuttered speech evoked a significant increase in skin conductance and a significant deceleration in heart rate relative to watching fluent speech samples. These findings suggest that listeners are physiologically aroused by stuttering and appear to maintain feelings of unpleasantness to stuttered speech. Further, deceleration in heart rate during stuttered samples also suggest that listeners may be paying more attention to the stuttered speech samples as compared to the fluent speech samples. We speculate that aberrant and anomalous stuttering behaviors probably simulate the mirror neuronal mechanism eliciting the emotional arousal associated within them. Such physiological arousal may provide the emotional genesis to the listener's negative stereotypical perceptions towards people who stutter. D
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 2009
Background: Previous studies have found simultaneous increases in skin conductance response and decreases in heart rate when normally fluent speakers watched and listened to stuttered speech compared with fluent speech, suggesting that stuttering induces arousal and emotional unpleasantness in listeners. However, physiological responses of persons who stutter observing stuttering and fluent speech has not been measured. Research suggests that the mechanism responsible for listeners' reactions is the mirror neuron system. The mirror neuron system activates when perceiving and producing goal-directed actions and forms the link between action perception and action production. Aims: To compare physiological responses elicited via fluent and stuttered speech in fluent and persons who stutter groups.
Journal of Fluency Disorders
This study aims to examine the association between adults' experience of stuttering and their age, gender and marital status, as well as to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of the OASES-A. Methods: The Hebrew version of the OASES-A was administered to 91 adults-who-stutter. The validity of the translated version was evaluated using a subset of 43 participants, who also completed three additional instruments: (a) a Perceived Stuttering Severity (PSS) self-rating scale, (b) the Situation Avoidance Behavior Checklist (SABC), (c) the Students Life Satisfaction scale (SLSS). Finally, the correlations between the participants' OASES-A scores and their age, gender and marital status were calculated. Results: A negative correlation was found between the participants' OASES-A impact scores and their age (p < 0.01). In addition, married participants exhibited lower OASES-A impact scores compared with unmarried participants (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the speakers' gender was not associated with OASES-A impact scores. Results: revealed high internal consistency of the Hebrew OASES-A, and moderate to strong correlations with the additional examined instruments. Finally, results of the Hebrew version of the questionnaire were comparable with those obtained in other languages. Conclusion: Our results indicated that, within our cohort, age and marital status are significantly associated with the personal experience of stuttering, whereas gender is not. In addition, the Hebrew version of the OASES-A is valid and comparable with equivalent versions in other languages. This facilitates the application of the OASES-A in future clinical and research settings. 1. Introduction Stuttering is considered a multidimensional disorder, with depth and magnitude far beyond the overt speech symptoms. This perspective was illustrated decades ago by Sheehan's iceberg analogy (1958), and it is still accepted theoretically and clinically (e.g., Yairi & Seery, 2014). Hence, it is agreed that measurements of overt stuttering do not necessarily represent the impact of the overall stuttering disorder on individual people who stutter (PWS) (Yairi & Seery, 2011). For example, some PWS exhibit mild overt stuttering, yet perceive it as a profound and disturbing experience. This may be manifested in fear of specific words, general behaviors of social/communicational avoidance, feelings of loss-of-control, anxiety, and excessive effort associated with speech and communication (Ingham & Cordes, 1997; Riley, Riley, & Maguire, 2004; Yairi & Seery, 2011). In contrast, other PWS may exhibit more severe overt stuttering, but perceive it as a mild condition. This may be attributed, for example, to mild emotional responses or to the lack of significant social difficulties (Yairi & Seery, 2011). This demonstrates that the experiential nature of stuttering (e.g.,
Forum Lingwistyczne
Introduction: Research has shown that adults who stutter have reacted with increased skin conductance and lower heart rates when confronted with videos of severe stuttering compared to videos of fluent speech. It has not been clearly established how these physiological indices or autonomic arousals are related to stuttering attitudes. The current study sought to compare physiological and psychometric measures of anxiety with stuttering attitudes.Method: In a multiple-baseline design, 18 normal hearing university students listened to short samples of stuttered, masked, and normally fluent speech while their skin conductance and heart rate variability were being monitored by an Empatica E4 wristband device. Pre-experimentally and after each speech condition, they rated their comfort level on a 1–9 scale. Participants filled out the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI ) (Spielberger, 1977) prior to the physiological measures and the short state anxiety inventory afterwards. At the end,...
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 2012
Background: Fluent speakers and people who stutter manifest alterations in autonomic and emotional responses as they view stuttered relative to fluent speech samples. These reactions are indicative of an aroused autonomic state and are hypothesized to be triggered by the abrupt breakdown in fluency exemplified in stuttered speech. Furthermore, these reactions are assumed to be the basis for the stereotypes held by different communicative partners towards people who stutter. Aims: To examine the autonomic and emotional reactions of graduate student clinicians in speech-language pathology as they viewed fluent and severe stuttered speech samples.
Acoustic and perceptual correlates of adult stutterers' typical and imitated stutterings
Journal of Fluency Disorders, 1988
The purpose of the present study was to assess differences between selected acoustic correlates of adult stutterers' self-judged "unconlrolled" (typical) and "controlled" (imitated) stutterings. Subjects were nine adult stutterers (two female and seven male) with a mean age of 36 years and 2 months (range: 19-51 years) and a mean stuttering frequency of 19.26 stutterings (range: 5.4-32.0) per 100 words of conversation. Six temporal acoustic measures (phrase, stuttered word, stuttered segment, stop-gap, frication, and aspiration duration) were made for each subject's typical stutterings and a corresponding imitated version. No significant differences were found between stutterers' self-perceived typical versus imitated productions for any of the six temporal acoustic measures for all stutterings and for the two major types of stutterings in the sample (sound/syllable repetitions and sound prolongations). Further descriptive analysis indicated that stutterers were generally more certain of their perceptual judgments of controlled stutterings than they were of their uncontrolled stutterings. Although findings suggest that there are no apparent objective correlates of adult stutterers' self-perceived (controlled and uncontrolled stutterings), further study of these perceptions appears warranted.
The role of psychological processes in estimates of stuttering severity
Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2013
Purpose: To examine the associations of trait anxiety (STAI), social anxiety (SIAS), depression (BDI-II), and personality features (ADP-IV) with three measures of stuttering severity: %SS, Stuttering Severity, Instrument, and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Method: Fifty adults with a history of stuttering served as participants. Participant scores on trait, anxiety, social anxiety, depression, and personality features were entered into a regression analysis, with the criterion variables (DVs) being: %SS, SSI-3, OASES total score. In order to explore the OASES, further, each of the four OASES subscales were also examined. A separate regression was conducted for, each dependent variable. Results: The OASES total score model was significant (p < .0001) and revealed that social anxiety and, trait anxiety were the only significant predictors, with medium effect sizes noted for both variables. In contrast, percent syllables stuttered and the SSI were not significantly associated with psychological, variables, suggesting that anxiety may not always be related to overt indicators of stuttering. Depression and personality dysfunction were not significantly associated with any measure of, stuttering severity. Conclusion: Anxiety in the form of social and trait anxiety are significantly associated with stuttering, severity as indicated by the OASES. Traditional procedures for assigning severity ratings to individuals, who stutter based on percent syllables stuttered and the Stuttering Severity Instrument are not, significantly related to psychological processes central to the stuttering experience. Depression and, personality characteristics do not meaningfully account for stuttering.
Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education Hiroshima University Part 1 Learning and Curriculum Development, 2008
Most of the books on stuttering define that stuttering is an interruption in the normal rhythm of speech manifested by symptoms of involuntary (1) repetition of words, part-words, or sounds, (2) prolongation of sounds, and (3) blocking of words, all of which are usually accompanied by tense movements of the face, jaw, and occasionally an extremity. However, this tells us only a part of the complex stuttering phenomena. This is true that people who stutter suffer from these overt phenomena; however it is also important to investigate where these phenomena come from. Currently, researchers on stuttering suggest that stuttering contains not only motor problems but also many other covert problems which may cause or influence overt aspects of stuttering symptoms. Nowadays, the multidimensional model of stuttering is one of the most popular models in the areas of stuttering research, assessment, and treatment. This model hypothesizes that the overt stuttering problem, which is a breakdown in motor processes, is influenced by a variety of factors. Researchers conceptualized the problems of stuttering in five factors, which were cognitive, affective, linguistic, motor, and social components. On this paper, the author introduced several major theories of stuttering and the facts we know about stuttering, and then discussed how to mediate between the facts or theories and clinical work for people who stutter.
Effects of Stuttering on Quality of Life in Adults Who Stutter
Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 2015
Background: Stuttering is potentially a socio communicational problem, which has negative effects on individuals' mental and emotional health and other aspects of life. Recognizing the quality of life (QOL) dimensions in adults who stutter can be useful in treatment planning and preventing later mental, emotional and social disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the QOL and its relationship with stuttering severity in adults who stutter. Patients and Methods: This analytic-descriptive study was performed on 78 adults (61 males and 17 females) who stuttered and 78 normal control cases in Mashhad City, Iran. Short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire of QOL was used to collect data and the percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) was determined in a spontaneous speech sample as a frequency measurement tool. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare data between the groups and ANOVA test was also used to evaluate the correlation between stuttering severity and QOL dimensions. Results: This study showed a significant difference between the groups in mean scores of QOL, general and emotional health, social and physical functions, vitality and role limitations made by physical and emotional problems (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in pain between the groups and there was no significant relation between %SS and dimensions of QOL (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Stuttering has negative effects on different dimensions of QOL among individuals. Thus, it is necessary to pay special attention to its prevention and treatment before it is developed into a completed and progressive condition.