L1 English / L2 Spanish: Orthography–phonology activation without contrasts (original) (raw)
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Phonology by itself: Masked phonological priming effects with and without orthographic overlap
Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2011
The activation of the phonological code plays a central role in visual word recognition. However, it is still unclear how this activation is integrated within this mainly bottom-up process. In the present masked priming study we combined Greek and Spanish, two languages with common phonemes and partially overlapping graphemes to investigate this issue. Greek-Spanish bilinguals performed lexical decisions on Greek and Spanish targets, briefly preceded by either phonologically related or orthographically and phonologically related prime words of the non-target language. Results revealed significant bi-directional cross-script masked phonological priming effects which disappeared under the influence of nearly overlapping orthographic representations. This pattern of effects suggests that there is fast and automatic language non-selective activation of the phonological code during the initial stages of visual word recognition but that this is clearly dependent on the orthographic properties of the input stimulus. The implications of our findings are discussed within the framework of current models of monolingual and bilingual visual word recognition.
Cross-modal priming differences between native and nonnative Spanish speakers
Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 2015
Training has been shown to improve American English speakers' perception and production of the Spanish /ɾ, r, d/ contrast; however, it is unclear whether successfully trained contrasts are encoded in the lexicon. This study investigates whether learners of Spanish process the /ɾ, r, d/ contrast differently than native speakers and whether training affects processing. Using a cross-modal priming design, thirty-three Spanish learners were compared to ten native Spanish speakers. For native speakers, auditory primes with intervocalic taps (like [koɾo]) resulted in faster reaction times in response to matching visual targets (like coro) than to orthographically and phonemically similar targets (like corro and codo). American English speakers' reaction times were not affected by the relationship between primes and targets before training. After training, trainees responded more quickly to matching targets than to mismatching /ɾ/-/r/ prime-targets (e.g., [koɾo] followed by corro) while controls' reaction time patterns did not change. This indicates that native Spanish speakers and Spanish learners process words containing the /ɾ, r, d/ contrast differently and that improvements from training can be encoded in the lexicon.
Orthographic Representations in Spoken Word Priming: No Early Automatic Activation
Language and Speech, 2007
The current study investigated the modulation by orthographic knowledge of the final overlap phonological priming effect, contrasting spoken prime-target pairs with congruent spellings (e.g., "carreau-bourreau", /karo/-/buro/) to pairs with incongruent spellings (e.g., "zéro-bourreau", /zero/-/buro/). Using a material and a design aimed at reducing the impact of response biases or strategies, no orthographic congruency effect was found in shadowing, a speech recognition task that can be performed prelexically. In lexical decision, an orthographic effect occurred only when the processing environment reduced the prominence of phonological overlap and thus induced participants to rely on word spelling. Overall, the data do not support the assumption of an early, automatic activation of orthographic representations during spoken word recognition. KEYWORDS: Spoken word recognition, Orthographic priming, Phonological priming, Levels of speech processing, Orthography and speech processing Priming effect* 44 53 -1,2 2,9 63 -0,7 Related Related RTs %correct RTs * Speed or accuracy advantage observed in the related condition in comparison to the unrelated condition.
Experimental Psychology, 2004
1. Using a masked phonological priming paradigm, Brysbaert, Van Dyck, and Van de Poel (1999) showed that Dutch-French bilinguals perform better at identifying tachistoscopically presented L2 words (eg, out lyes]) when those words are primed by L1 words or nonwords that are homophonic to the L2 target word according to the L1 graphemephoneme conversion rules (eg, wie [who]). They noted that this priming effect was smaller for balanced bilinguals than for less proficient bilinguals, although the interaction ...
Cognitive ground of phonetic priming in mono- and bilingualism
Cognitive ground of phonetic priming in mono- and bilingualism
The article views the phonetic priming as a cognitive linguistic phenomenon that optimizes and inhibits speech recognitions and production embracing simulation, working and long-term memory, interference, restoration capacity, and auditory modality. The phonetic priming is defined as an implicit form of memory embodied in residual activation of previously experienced stimuli in particular L1 or L2 exposure. Keywords: phonetic priming, simulation, working and long-term memory, interference, restoration, audition, stimulus.
The time course of orthography and phonology: ERP correlates of masked priming effects in Spanish
Psychophysiology, 2009
One key issue for computational models of visual-word recognition is the time course of orthographic and phonological information during reading. Previous research, using both behavioral and event related brain potential (ERP) measures, has shown that orthographic codes are activated very early but that phonological activation starts to occur immediately afterward. Here we report an ERP masked priming experiment in Spanish that investigates this issue further by using very strict control conditions. The critical phonological comparison was between two pairs of primes having the same orthographic similarity to the target words but differing in phonological similarity (e.g., conal-CANAL vs. cinal-CANAL vis a`vis ponel-PANEL vs. pinel-PANEL), whereas the critical orthographic contrast was between pairs of primes that had the same phonological similarity to the target but differing in orthographic similarity (e.g., conal-CANAL vs. konal-CANAL). Orthographic priming was mainly observed in the 150-250-ms time window whereas phonological priming occurred in the 350-550-ms window.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2005
1. Using a lexical-decision task performed by Dutch-English bilinguals, the author showed that the recognition of visually presented first language (L1; eg, touw) and second language (L2; eg, back) targets is facilitated by L2 and L1 masked primes, respectively, which are pseudohomophones (roap and ruch) of the target's translation equivalent (rope and rug). Moreover, recognition of L2 targets (eg, church) was also facilitated by L1 pseudohomophones (pous) of related words (paus [pope]). Contrastingly, no priming was ...
Language, Cognition and Neuroscience
We examined the contributions of phoneme-to-word facilitation and word-to-word inhibition to transposed-phoneme priming effects under unimodal and cross-modal presentations. Experiments 1A and 1B showed that the presentation of an auditory prime formed by transposing two phonemes in a given target word facilitated lexical decisions to auditory targets. This facilitation was independent of the lexicality of the primes. In Experiment 2 the targets were presented visually rather than auditorily. We found an inhibitory priming effect, which, in contrast to Experiment 1, was influenced by the lexicality of the primes, with an effect emerging only with word primes. These findings point to a greater impact of phoneme-to-word facilitation under unimodal presentation and a greater role for word-to-word inhibition under cross-modal presentation. Hence, by simply manipulating the modality of target presentation, it is possible to separately probe two central mechanisms postulated in models of spoken word recognition, namely phoneme-to-word activation and lexical competition.
Cognitive Science, 2013
Spoken Words Activate Cross-Linguistic Orthographic Competitors in the Absence of Phonological Overlap James Bartolotti (j-bartolotti@u.northwestern.edu) Natalia L. Daniel (nataliadaniel2012@u.northwestern.edu) Viorica Marian (v-marian@northwestern.edu) Northwestern University Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 USA Abstract Related languages, like English and Spanish, often have sim- ilar orthographies but use the same letters to represent differ- ent sounds. Learning a second language frequently involves learning additional letter-sound mappings that mismatch those in the native language. In the current study, we investigated whether L2 spoken words activate L2 orthography despite con- flict with L1 orthography-to-phonology mappings. Partici- pants first learned an artificial language with letter-sound map- pings that mismatched English (e.g., the letter ‘G’ represented the sound /h/, and the word /gufO/ was spelled ‘hane’). Nex...