Electoral Indexes Journal of Statistical Shoftware (original) (raw)
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Journal of Statistical Software, 2011
IndElec is a software addressed to compute a wide range of indices from electoral data, which are intended to analyze both party systems and electoral systems in political studies. Further, IndElec can calculate such indices from electoral data at several levels of aggregation, even when the acronyms of some political parties change across districts. As the amount of information provided by IndElec may be considerable, this software also aids the user in the analysis of electoral data through three capabilities. First, IndElec automatically elaborates preliminary descriptive statistical reports of computed indices. Second, IndElec saves the computed information into text files in data matrix format, which can be directly loaded by any statistical software to facilitate more sophisticated statistical studies. Third, IndElec provides results in several file formats (text, CSV, HTML, R) to facilitate their visualization and management by using a wide range of application softwares (word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, etc.). Finally, a graphical user interface is provided for IndElec to manage calculation processes, but no visualization facility is available in this environment. In fact, both the inputs and outputs for IndElec are arranged in files with the aforementioned formats.
ELECTOOL: Stata module containing toolkit to analyze electoral data
This document describes electoral formulas and indicators used by the electool package for Stata 1 . The package contains two different programs: v2seats and electind. This document is intended to be used only in conjunction with the electool package and only describes the procedures used by v2seats and electind. For assistance with syntax, use man v2seats and man electind, after installation, as usual.
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The paper presents the most known indexes used to describe and analyze electoral and legislative fragmentation/concentration. Based on literature review, the research examines the concepts and formulas of the indexes and presents examples of application. Besides, it discusses peculiarities of the Brazilian case, like mallaportionment and electoral coalitions in proportional systems. To know the indexes and their correct use are important to knowledge accumulation and generation of standard basis to promote comparative analysis. The main finding of the paper is that each index has a specific purpose, they can supply just partial information to create a broad picture of the analyzed system.
2002
In this paper an extensive reference to the problems of using statistical techniques in the political sciences is taken place. Statistics today, in the era of information outbreak can be generally defined as the “Science that is concerned with the gathering, evaluation and processing of information”. Society’s demand for qualitatively controlled information absolved from “noises” which intentionally or not are included, is especially obvious in a returning, from time to time discussion, about the control of the public measurements related to the Mass Media audience, political parties and persons, educational parameters, economical and social indexes and factors, etc. By following and commenting the phases of observation of electoral behavior, we will refer to some problems.
Paper Citizens, Elections, Parties The Circuit of Representation- final RP.docx
After more than 60 years of the firstly intuitions of Downs in 1957 and Duverger in 1955, about the effect of electoral systems on the positional party competition, until the recent publication of Sartori, Grofman, Adams at al., Taagepera and De Sio, here is presented a logical interconnected model in which are found several relations between: 1) electoral systems - here measured with and implemented Taageperian index n_2 of disproportionality -, 2) political variables - like effective number of parties and the new Effective Gini Index, applied to parties and their territorial distribution - and the new Bidimensional Positional Party Competition - obtained thanks the application of beta functions -. Finally, the electoral flows have resulted a good proxy of ideological positioning. The logical quantitate model to synthetize the electoral systems has achieved an R^2 adj=97,5%, the results of the tridimensional relation gets a R^2 adj=55,3%, the connection between the weighted ideological party distance - px - and the effective number of parties (weighted on the electoral system) gets a R^2 adj=63,3%. Then for a unit change of n_2, this will impact for the: 47% will be due to positional competition (conditional to the not positional one); 35% due to the complement of the majoritarian competition; 18% due to the px. Finally, the connection between electoral flows and the weighted ideological party distance gets a R^2 adj=87,2%. All models are statistically significant and logical founded.
Party Types and Electoral Performance across States, 1980-2016
How India Votes: A State-by-State Look, 2019
The proliferation of political parties in India has produced interesting scholarship exploring its causes and consequences. It has been linked with democratic stability or instability, federalisation, ethnic mobilisation and democratic upsurge, political entrepreneurship, increased ideological incoherence or convergence over time, party organisation, legislative behaviour, inequality, public goods provision, and human development outcomes. Even when pragmatism and flux have reduced inter-party differences in ideology and intra-party democracy, and weakened organisational structure, one aspect of differentiation has endured, namely the distinction between national and subnational parties. The chapter takes up this distinction and focuses on subnational parties – which account for the vast majority of India’s parties – across states and time in the electoral domain. The first section discusses various approaches to national/regional/state/ethnic party appellations and develops a threefold categorisation of party types (national, mesonational, and subnational) using the concept of interest bundle size, which is strongly correlated with and yet distinct from categorisations based on narrowness of geographical base or salience of direct ethnic appeals. The second section applies the threefold categorisation to Lok Sabha election data and identifies three clear phases in the post-1980 period. The third section turns to Assembly election data. For the 20 Indian states with population of over half a crore (excluding Telangana formed in 2014), it graphically presents and analyses descriptive statistics for vote shares and seat shares of different party types for all Lok Sabha and Assembly elections in the period 1980–2016 and poses several questions that are insufficiently answered in extant literature. Among subnational parties, it also empirically distinguishes between state, ethnic, and other parties. The fourth and final section discusses selected empirical patterns and questions that emerge from the data. It explores the argument of stability in the post-Congress polity for Assembly elections and the relationship between subnational party vote share and party proliferation. It ends with a brief survey of explanations of the empirical trends described earlier, although the emphasis throughout the chapter is on establishing empirical patterns and trends rather than constructing and defending explanations.
Analysis of Elections: Trends and Lessons Learned
2008
Contributions and Acknowledgments: A number of other individuals have participated in this publication and should be acknowledged: Yll Buleshkaj has assisted the writing of much of the report, Ilir Dugolli with legal aspects, Genc Krasniqi for running countless statistical cross-tabulations and interpretations, Dickson Bailey with election standards and procedures, Lulzim Peci on the political environment and incessant support to the project. Several of the names above along Valmir Ismaili are to thank for their sharp editorial remarks on several drafts of the paper. Burim Ejupi is thanked for tirelessly coordinating the project. Above all, there were two interns who should be thanked for having had the dreariest tasks of the study. Words of appreciation go to Barbara Hall of IREX for her trust and dedication to progress of civil society in general, and this project in particular.
The effective number of relevant parties: how voting power improves Laakso-Taagepera’s index
2005
This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the number of rel-evant parties in an assembly. The most widespread indicator of frag-mentation used in comparative politics is the 'Effective Number of Par-ties'(ENP), designed by Laakso and Taagepera (1979). Taking both the number of parties and their relative weights into account, the ENP is arguably a good parsimonious operationalization of the number of 'relevant'parties.