Regional Disparities in India: A Multivariate Analysis (original) (raw)

Multivariate Analysis of Regional Disparities in India

International Organization of Scientific Research, 2022

The research emphasizes on the regional disparities persisting in India based on several variables. The variables depend on economy, demography, employment, education, medical and health facilities. Using these variables an overall status of the states is determined. Data used in the research is based on 2015-2016 survey and then possessed using the Composite Index method. The assessment is done with the objective of analyzing the status of development in each Indian state.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: STATE WISE ANALYSIS

In this research paper, the levels of development has been analysed for measuring the regional imbalance among Indian states applying the Wroclaw Taxonomic Method (Ewusi, 1976; Arief, 1982; Narain et.al. 2003, 2009, 2012; and Ohlan, 2013). The level of development was obtained with the help of composite index based on optimum combination of twenty two socioeconomic and environmental sustainability indicators. The state wise data for the year 2011-12 in respect of these indicators were utilized for 10 different states of India. The level of development was estimated separately for economic development, demographic transition, educational development, health development, environmental sustainability and overall development in order to get a clear picture of regional disparities. The state of Maharashtra was ranked first in overall development while state of Bihar was found very deprived in every sector of development. For achieving identical regional development and improving the quality of life the potential targets for various socioeconomic facilities along with environmental sustainability have been estimated. The empirical results show that wide disparities in the level of development exist among the different states. The level of socioeconomic development along with environmental sustainability are found to be statistically significant and positively associated with the overall development indicating that the growth and progress of all the sectors have been going hand in hand in economy of the country. The results also show that demographic profile of the states is the constraint and not significantly influence overall development. The study suggests that low developed states require immediate attention of the government to improve most of the development indicators for enhancing their levels of overall development.

Regional Disparities in Economic and Social Development: A State-wise Analysis

Social Vision, 2024

The present paper studies the regional disparities in economic and social development in India by developing a composite index, Regional Development Index (RDI). The study used census data of 2011 and Handbook of Statistics, RBI, 2018 including 27 states and four union territories (UTs) of India. The study concludes by ranking of states and UTs on the basis of composite development index (RDI) consisting of eight indicators. This paper also makes a comparison of selected states on the basis of HDI 2018 and computed RDI values. Categorization of States/UTs are done according to different stages of development like highly developed state, middle developed state, lower middle developed state and least developed state. The findings show that Kerala and Goa are the best states amongst all states in India in terms of development (RDI) and also HDI values. States like Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar have not improved much in terms of development. Results of the study established large disparities at states/UTs level in India. Though several steps are taken to reduce the regional disparities, sizeable differences in development exist among states. In order to deal with this problem, the states need to focus on both economic and social factors for improving the income as well as reducing poverty and generation of more employment opportunities to the deprived regions like Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh Odisha etc. High income growth is not the only factor for development, improving levels of education and health and removal of poverty should be given priority to directly enhance development of least developed states.

Regional Disparities in Human Development in India

This paper analyses regional disparities amongst major states in India to find out if they are on a convergence or further divergence course. The human development is not equal over the nation are any regions, it is spatialline quality refers to the uneven distribution of socio-economic variables across India.Measuringspatial inequality usually involves calculating their socio economic parameters. The government of India has lunched many socio-economic programmes like, education, health, work and supply of electricity for all villages, irrigation for every piece of land etc. for development of human resource. Urbanization, Working Force, Literacy, poverty of people are the main factors of development. Therefore necessary to identify the state which is backward with respect to the development of particular parameters. The Indian regional data suggests two-way causality between human and economic development. The paper then suggests and applies a method for computing targets aiming at reducing regional disparities systematically. Finally a number of inequality and polarization measures are employed to see the change in inequality and polarization over the decade and whether the suggested method results in a reduction in both these phenomena.

Regional Inequality in India: A State Level Analysis

Journal of Community Positive Practices

This paper tries to understand the nature and extent of inequality across states of India with special reference to Bihar. The study is based on secondary data collected from various sources, including NSSO, NFHS and other government/non-government documents and reports. The study analyzes inequalities under four themes: livelihood, education, health and gender. The analysis finds that, however, some positive changes can be seen in terms of enrolment in case of primary education, but still, productivity of education is the lowest in Bihar. The state government has invested money in attracting students to government schools, but because of a low per capita expenditure on education, access to facilities like computers in schools is the lowest in Bihar. In the case of health expenditure, the people of Bihar have to bear significantly higher per capita out of pocket expenditure. Though, Bihar has achieved higher growth in the last couple of years but the level of female empowerment is still very low in the state. Thus, this study finds that Bihar is still at lowest position in all four themes across states of India and, people of this state are facing grim challenges related to livelihood, quality education and health.

Regional disparity in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: a disaggregated level analysis

This paper investigates disparity in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, the two most backward states of India, despite being endowed with relatively rich natural resources. The poor performance of these two states is not merely due to weak institutions and political instability coupled with social conflict rooted in sectarian politics based on caste, class and ethnic division, but also, at the same time, poor socio-economic backwardness which includes poor human development indicators, low income, poor infrastructure and overall output. For making comparisons in the two states at district level, the study has computed indices using Principal Component Analysis for the four sectors, for instance, agriculture, services, health and education for the years 2001 and 2011. To identify the clusters of backward regions of the states, Cluster Analysis has been used as these two states are similar in respect of historical antecedents, climate and other variables and, hence, districts lying in these two can be merged and compared. The empirical findings depict that districts spread in the two states that are identical in many respects, and thus, in terms of disparity, they look like miniature of the country that has a high inter-state disparity.

Growing Regional Disparity in Uttar Pradesh: Inter-District Analysis

It uses five sectors for measuring disparity, i.e., agriculture, industry, services, education and health and 46 sub-indicators which explain economic and social development in the state at district level. On the basis of composite index, it has identified the backward or disadvantaged regions across the state. The result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggests that inter-district disparity has declined over the period and there is a sign of convergence. The empirical findings show that law and order, share of non-farm income and health development are the indicators which have influenced the level of development. It is time to take appropriate steps to bridge the gap between core and periphery regions.

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN INDIA

ABSTRACT Economic disparities are critical in nature and are the issues of great concern in the modern world. Especially in India, the rural sector has been victimized for various sorts of disparities in the fields of wealth, income, education, and development. Studies say that 50% of the total national income goes to the hands of only 20% of the total population and rest 80% of the total population has to depend on the remaining 50% part of total national income. Indians constitute about 17 per cent of world population. But we account for about 35 per cent of the poor and 40 per cent of the illiterates in the world. Economic Planning has been used in the country as an instrument for bringing about uniform regional development. But it’s not enough to us; these are not normal characteristics of a modern nation which is aspiring to be a world economic power. A decent society cannot be built on the ruins of hunger, malnutrition, ill health and illiteracy. If the trend continues, our chances of gaining from globalization on the strength of our human resources are slim. So, some major changes are to be happened. Trough this paper I am tempting to give a critical point of view of the disparities which the rural sectors face today as well as to prescribe enough solutions that will enrich the regional India of tomorrow.

Regional Disparities Across Indian States: Are the Trends Reversing?

Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 2014

India has experienced consecutive decadal accelerations in aggregate growth rates, beginning in the 1980s, furthered by deregulatory policies resultant from the 1991 financial crisis, and continuing through the 2000s. This surge in economic growth has brought about significant prosperity for some states, while leaving other states nearly unchanged. Our research endeavours to document the regional disparities of growth across a sample of the 16 most economically prominent states from 1980-2010. The results indicate a lack of both β and σ convergence, along with a pronounced increase in the Theil index. Given the consistent results obtained from our analysis, we conclude that the growth experience has indeed been imbalanced. A continuation of the documented unbalanced regional growth could compromise national progress. Specifically, lack of convergence and heightened regional inequality could sabotage the great strides towards development achieved by India through deregulatory reform and liberalization policies, begun in the 1980s, although most notably undertaken after the financial crisis of 1991.

Regional Disparities in Socio-Economic Development – A Statistical Evaluation of Kashmir Valley, J&K

The problem of regional disparities in the levels of social and economic development is a universal phenomenon. Regional disparities in any region may be natural due to unequal distribution of natural resources and/or man-made in the sense of the neglect of some regions and preference for others for development and infrastructural facilities. In this backdrop, the development of newly formed 10 districts of Kashmir valley with respect to thirteen development indicators was evaluated on the basis of an Evaluation Index. The level of development was examined for core sectors. Wide gap in the level of development was observed. Among 10 districts, the districts which stood best in agricultural sector were Anantnag and Baramulla with a combined rank of 1.5 whereas Srinagar stood last in agricultural sector with overall rank of 10 showing worst of results in agricultural sector. In Socio-Infrastructural sector, the district standing best was Srinagar with an overall rank of 2.22 and Ganderbal with an overall ranking of 8.11 showed poorest 3732 performance. Similarly in industrial sector Srinagar stood best with an overall rank of 1 whereas Ganderbal stood last in industrial sector as well with an overall ranking of 9.75. A mean rank for all districts was obtained based on the individual rankings for each district. District Srinagar with a mean rank of 3.23 was followed by Anantnag with a mean rank of 3.30 whereas Ganderbal showed dismal performance with a mean rank of 7.92. This analysis can serve as a helpful resource in policy advocacy, with the aim of influencing changes to positively affect the socio-economic development in the study area. Levels of Socio-Economic Development have been represented using ArcGIS software. The study concluded with the various policy suggestions, put forward to eradicate the wide spatial disparities observed in the study.