Epidemiology of Malaria in Endemic Areas (original) (raw)

Malaria Epidemiology: Specific Vulnerable Group in the Population

2020

Malaria is a potentially fatal vector borne disease caused by the blood protozoan, Plasmodium spp. The number of species of Plasmodium spp continues to grow; even nowadays there is zoonosis based species that infect human. Morbidity and mortality still difficult to control, with sub Sahara Africa and south East Asia still the epicentrum of persistent transmission. Human behavior is one of the predisposing factors and actually there is a specific vulnerable group in the Population. It consists of pregnant women, children (especially under five years old) and travellers. They are at risk and very vulnerable with separated specific reason. There is no single action can be successfully applicable for them, because preventive approach must be conducted based on each group specific characteristics. In order to prevent the spread of transmission, active surveillance is one of the tools used. Preventive action conducted tailor made based on each specific group with adjustment when applicabl...

Malaria Epidemiology and Control Within the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015

Understanding the epidemiological features and metrics of malaria in endemic populations is a key component to monitoring and quantifying the impact of current and past control efforts to inform future ones. The International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) has the opportunity to evaluate the impact of malaria control interventions across endemic regions that differ in the dominant Plasmodium species, mosquito vector species, resistance to antimalarial drugs and human genetic variants thought to confer protection from infection and clinical manifestations of plasmodia infection. ICEMR programs are conducting field studies at multiple sites with the aim of generating standardized surveillance data to improve the understanding of malaria transmission and to monitor and evaluate the impact of interventions to inform malaria control and elimination programs. In addition, these epidemiological studies provide a vast source of biological samples linked to clinical and e...

Cross-Sectional Studies Reveal A Fluctuating But Endemic Malaria Transmission

OSP Journal of Health Care and Medicine, 2020

The effects of Malaria coupled with the yearly climatic changes and variations of certain contributing factors embedded in the various ecological zones in Nigeria has continued to sustained the fluctuating indices of disease transmission and its endemicity. To understand these indices as a means of generating a further broad based control approaches, a cross-sectional study was conducted and results compared with retrospective data. Our findings indicate that of the 290 persons enrolled based on presumptive diagnosis, 108 (37%) were positive whereas 182 (63%) negative. Age distributions of those enrolled indicates 128(44.5 %%) were above 31 years, while the least was below 5years 6(2.10%). Coincidentally, diagnosis of malaria corroborates with the age distribution of 52(48.5%) for above 31years and 1(0.01%) for below 5years, although no significant differences recorded at P>0.05. Based on gender, more males 55(38%) than females 53(37%) were positive for malaria. Malaria parasitaemia indicates most malaria positive patients had 57(52.78%) below <1000 µL-, 33 (30.56%) between 1000-5000 µL-, and 18(6.67%) above >5000 µL-. Malaria incidence rate between years 2015-2018 indicates that of the 23,745 positive patients, more males 11,880 (50.03%) than females 11,865 (49.97%) were positive to malaria, although no significant differences at P>0.05. The year 2018 recorded the highest incidence of malaria an indication that despite several efforts aimed at control and elimination, the disease still continues to persist. We therefore suggest that a multi-dimensional strategy to the control and elimination of the parasites and vectors be put in motion to help curb the menace of this disease.

Intensity of Malaria Transmission and the Spread of Plasmodium falciparum–Resistant Malaria: A Review of Epidemiologic Field Evidence

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2007

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The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Nature, 2005

Clinical malaria becomes increasingly difficult to diagnose as the prevalence of "asymptomatic" P. falciparum infection increases due to the acquisition of functional immunity. Whereas the presence of infection during fever is sufficient causal evidence for a clinical diagnosis of malaria in areas of low-to-moderate parasite prevalence, under conditions of high transmission the presence of infection alone is insufficient: in these settings criteria related to parasite densities in a patient's peripheral blood is used to confirm clinical disease 1,2 .

Dynamics of malaria transmission and susceptibility to clinical malaria episodes following treatment of Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic carriers: results of a cluster-randomized study of community-wide screening and treatment, and a parallel entomology study

BMC Infectious Diseases, 2013

Background: In malaria-endemic countries, large proportions of individuals infected with Plasmodium falciparum are asymptomatic and constitute a reservoir of parasites for infection of newly hatched mosquitoes. Methods: Two studies were run in parallel in Burkina Faso to evaluate the impact of systematic identification and treatment of asymptomatic carriers of P. falciparum, detected by rapid diagnostic test, on disease transmission and susceptibility to clinical malaria episodes. A clinical study assessed the incidence of symptomatic malaria episodes with a parasite density >5,000/μL after three screening and treatment campaigns~1 month apart before the rainy season; and an entomological study determined the effect of these campaigns on malaria transmission as measured by entomological inoculation rate. Results: The intervention arm had lower prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of asexual parasites and lower prevalence of gametocyte carriers during campaigns 2 and 3 as compared to the control arm. During the entire follow-up period, out of 13,767 at-risk subjects, 2,516 subjects (intervention arm 1,332; control arm 1,184) had symptomatic malaria. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the incidence of first symptomatic malaria episode with a parasite density >5,000/μL showed that, in the total population, the two treatment arms were similar until Week 11-12 after campaign 3, corresponding with the beginning of the malaria transmission season, after which the probability of being free of symptomatic malaria was lower in the intervention arm (logrank p < 0.0001). Similar trends were observed in infants and children <5 years and in individuals ≥5 years of age. In infants and children <5 years old who experienced symptomatic malaria episodes, the geometric mean P. falciparum density was lower in the intervention arm than the control arm. This trend was not seen in those individuals aged ≥5 years. Over the year, monthly variation in mosquito density and entomological inoculation rate was comparable in both arms, with September peaks in both indices.

Malaria: Cause and Control

Malaria is an endemic tropical disease caused by the haemosporidian blood parasite of the genus Plasmodium. The human variant of this infection is caused by four members of this genus: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae, with P. falciparum malaria infection responsible for the most lethal form of the disease. The disease accounts for over 500 million acute clinical episodes annually and over 1 million deaths, particularly among children below the age of four years; with other debilitating effects in pregnant women. The economic impact of malaria infection has been put conservatively at over US$1.8 billion annually and it is the eighth most important disease in terms of lost disability adjusted life years (DALYS). This review addresses the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology/epidemio-logical patterns, economic impacts of malaria on populations and communities, vector ecology and transmission dynamics, pathogenesis and pathogenic outcomes of this disease and global malaria eradication and control efforts. It also recommends the way forward in the unending battle between man, his environment and a determined parasite that has so far eluded the human quest to conquer and eradicate it.

A review of the clinical and epidemiologic burdens of epidemic malaria

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2004

The role of epidemic malaria as a distinct epidemiologic entity posing unique intervention challenges is reviewed from a global perspective. Epidemic malaria derives from particular interactions of vectors, parasites, and various environmental and anthropogenic determinants. Malaria epidemics generally afflict immunologically vulnerable populations, and their explosiveness can strain the capacity of health facilities, causing case fatality rates to increase five-fold or more during outbreaks. People of all ages remain susceptible to the full range of clinical effects. This flatter demographic profile may translate into larger economic consequences, although the full economic impact of epidemic malaria remains undefined. Specialized intervention approaches are recommended for epidemic-prone areas, including enhanced surveillance activities and intensified antivector interventions. Such considerations are particularly critical during a time when malaria epidemics are occurring more fr...

A Comprehensive Study of the Epidemiological Pattern of Malaria

2015

Background and objectives: Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. The objectives of the study are(1) to study epidemiological pattern of malaria.(2) to emphasis the accurate diagnosis or species identification of mixed-species malaria and consequences of underreporting of the same (3)to report a rare case of congenital malaria. Methods: The laboratory records of cases having malarial parasites positive in peripheral blood smear of year 2014 were analyzed retrospectively for epidemiological data. Results: Total 75 cases were studied, which shows maximum cases affected between 16-30 yrs age group, with male predominance.12% cases showed mixed malarial parasites infection. One case of Congenital malaria was reported in our study. Conclusions: Young adults are the most commonly affected age group for malaria. Mixed-malarial (falciparum and vivax) infections very often go unrecognized, or are often under reported, with a tendency to over re...