In-vitro methane production potential and in-sacco degradability of conventional and non-conventional protein supplements (original) (raw)
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Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 2009
The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutrient degradability, in vitro methane (CH 4) production of several agricultural and food industry by-products in relation to their chemical composition. Twenty-one samples of 7 feedstuffs from agricultural and food industry by-products consisted of corn straw, potato straw, rice straw, cocoa pod, sago waste, rice bran, soybean curd residue were evaluated by an in vitro gas production and nutrient degradability. The feedstuffs varied greatly in their crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) contents. Crude protein ranged from 1.5 to 21.8%, NDF from 31.6 to 71.1% and NFC from 1.5 to 50.8%. Among the seven feedstuffs, soybean curd residue had the highest CP content, on the other hand it had the lowest NDF content. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradability were highest (P<0.01) in soybean curd residue among the feedstuffs. The CH 4 production was significantly higher (P<0.01) in rice straw, cocoa pod and corn straw as compared to sago waste. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.60; P<0.01) between NDF concentration and CH 4 production. However, the total gas productions was negatively correlated (r =-0.75; P<0.01) with NDF content. The CH 4 production of feedstuff is influenced by NDF content.
Methane production potential of feed ingredients estimated by in vitro gas production test
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2019
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate methane production potential of feed ingredients to develop a database on methane production. Feed ingredients such as cereal grains, cereal by-products and protein supplements were tested for methane production potential using in vitro gas production technique. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of cereal grains ranged from 60.1 to 96.7% and oats grain (76.2%) and distiller’s grain (60.1%) had lower (P<0.05) values than other cereal grains. Among the cereal by-products, wheat bran showed highest (P<0.05) IVTD (74.9%) than rice bran (42.7%). IVTD of cottonseed oil cake, black gram and sunflower oil cake was lower (P<0.05) than other protein supplements. Methane production potential of cereal grains at half life (t1/2) ranged from 0.66 to 2.85 ml/100 mg truly digested substrate and the difference was significant (P<0.05), however, maize grain, sorghum grain, bajra and broken rice did not vary among themselves. Average methane production potential of cereal by-products at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs was 1.27 and 1.81 ml/100 mg truly digested substrate, respectively. Average methane production potential of protein supplements at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs was 1.39 and 1.75ml/100 mg of truly digested substrate, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Maximum (P<0.05) methane production potential at half life (t1/2) was recorded for black gram (4.07 ml/100 mg truly digested substrate). Lowest methane production potential both at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs were recorded in fish meal and spirulina. It can be concluded that among cereal grains, methane production potential was higher (P<0.05) in oats grain at half life (t1/2) and all the cereal grains had similar methane production potential at 24 hrs. Among cereal by-products, wheat bran had higher (P<0.05) methane production potential both at half life (t1/2) and 24 hrs. Among protein supplements, black gram had significantly (P<0.05) higher methane production potential at half life (t1/2) and horse gram had significantly (P<0.05) higher methane production potential at 24 hrs. Key Words: Methane, database, in vitro true digestibility
Degradability and gas production of diets enriched with additives in cattle or sheep inoculum
2021
The study of ruminal kinetics of feedstuffs and the influence of feed additives on degradability and gas production can contribute to the formulation of more efficient diets. This study proposes to examine cumulative gas production from rumen fermentation and the in vitro degradability of diets containing maize and cottonseed cake enriched with amylolytic enzyme, protected lysine, lysophospholipids or protected methionine. In the degradability trial, the samples were incubated in anaerobic medium for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, at 39 °C. In vitro gas production was determined at the incubation times of 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48 and 72 h, and the use of cattle and sheep ruminal fluid was compared. The inclusion of lysophospholipid increased (P<0.05) the degradability of dry matter in the diet, whereas the addition of protected methionine reduced this variable. Gas production was greater in sheep inoculum up to 48 h of fermentation, and no differences were detected at 72 h. The amylolytic enzyme increased the gas production only up to 24 h of fermentation. After this time, none of the tested additives increased gas production.
IN VITRO RUMINAL AND POST-RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADATION OF UNTREATED AND TREATED SOYBEAN MEAL
2016
SUMMARY his study was designed to determine the characteristics of rumen fermentation, and post-ruminal protein digestion of untreated and treated soybean meal (SBM) using gas production (GP) technique and three step in situ/in vitro procedures. Soybean meal (SBM) was treated by autoclaving, roasting, with ethanol and mixed by various proportions of Acacia saligna (AS) leaves (1:3, 1:1, 3:1) ratios. The results showed that the highest cumulative GP was observed in untreated SBM followed by treated SBM with ethanol, roasted SBM and SBM+AS (3:1). The lowest mean values of GP were obtained in SBM+AS (1:3), autoclaved SBM and SBM+AS (1:1). The predicted metabolizable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) and net energy (NE, MJ/kg DM) varied widely in substrates and was particularly high in untreated SBM, while SBM+AS (1:3) had significantly the lowest values of ME and NE. The highest mean values of NH 3-N concentration were obtained with untreated SBM, while the lowest was obtained with autoclaved SBMand followed by SBM+AS (1:3), ethanol-treated SBM and roasted SBM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP, %) varied from 33.6% in autoclaving SBM to 62.4% in SBM+AS (3:1). Intestinal protein digestion (IPD, %) content was highest in autoclaving-SBM, roasting SBM and untreated SBM and lowest mean value of IPD was recorded in SBM+AS (1:1).The highest mean values for VFA concentrations were obtained with SBM+AS (3:1)and SBM treated with ethanol followed by SBM plus A. saligna leaves (1:3). The lowest mean value of VFA concentration was obtained by autoclaving SBM or roasting SBM. It is concluded that autoclaving SBM, ethanol-treated SBM and mixing SBM with Acacia leaves (1:3) could be used advantageously to reduce RDP and increase the bypass protein but the autoclaving SBM showed the best treatment on improving the intestinal protein digestion of SBM.
Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2016
The present study was undertaken to evaluate deoiled ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) meal (DOAM) for its in vitro nutritional evaluation and methane mitigation potential. For this purpose, a concentrate mixture based on maize and soybean meal as a major feed ingredient was formulated and designated as control ‘C’. The concentrate mixture was reformulated using 5, 10, 15 and 20 parts (kg/100kg) of DOAM for experimental groups i.e. T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and made iso-nitrogenous by addition of urea. The values of DM, CP, EE, CF, TA, NFE, NDICP and ADICP (%) in DOAM were 88.41, 14.57, 2.65, 16.35, 12.75, 53.68, 51.86 and 17.35, respectively. Dry matter degradability and digestibility of T1 and T2 were comparable with those of control whereas significant (P is less than0.05) depression was observed when 15% (T3) and 20 percent(T4) of DOAM was incorporated. Addition of 10 percent DOAM in the concentrate mixture caused significant (P is less than 0.05) decrease of methane production ...
2012
The substitution of soybean meal protein by Crambe cake was evaluated in vitro for gas and methane production, using four adult cannulated Santa Inês wethers as inoculum donor, grazing tropical grass pasture (Brachiaria decumbens and Pennisetum purpureum) and supplemented with 30% grass hay and 70% concentrate containing increasing levels of substitution (0 %, 22 %, 44 % and 64 %) of Crambe cake. The gas production bottles were content substrate (500mg), inoculum (25mL) and nutrient solutions (50mL) and incubated for 24 hours .The pressure reading is made at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours of incubation. The results showed a decrease in total gas production in 24 hours (TGP 24h), total gas production expressed as dray matter (DM) (TGP mL / g DM), methane production in 24 hours (CH 4 24h) and methane production expressed as DM (CH 4 mL / g DM) without changing the in truly degradability of DM (TDDM) and truly degradability of organic matter (TDOM). The replacement of soybean meal protein by Crambe cake protein decreases significantly (P <0.05) gas and CH 4 production without negative effect on the degradability of DM and OM.
In-sacco nutritional worth and in-vitro methane production
and shaftal at different cuts. The CP and EE content declined, while the cell wall constituents increased linearly with the increase in number of cuts. The in-sacco studies revealed that the degradation rate and effective degradability (ED) of DM was highest (P<0.01), while the rumen un-degradable fraction (UDF) and rumen fill values were the lowest in shaftal. The degradation rate and ED of DM declined, while the UDF and rumen fill values increased with the increase in number of cuts. The digestion kinetic parameter of CP revealed that the UDP as per cent of CP was higher in berseem followed by that in shaftal. The ED and UDP as per cent of CP declined linearly with the increase in number of cuts. The digestion kinetic parameter of NDF revealed that shaftal had the highest ED and lowest UDF, while reverse trend was observed in berseem. The rumen fill values also confirmed that shaftal had better palatability than that of lucerne and berseem. The ED declined, while the UDF and rumen fill values increased with the increase in number of cuts. The in vitro gas production analysis revealed that irrespective of cuts, the tested leguminous forages produced almost same amount of gas even though the digestibility of NDF and OM of berseem was lower than that of lucerne and shaftal. The methane production at t1/2 (expressed as ml/g digestible OM) was lowest in shaftal as compared to berseem and lucerne. The digestibility of NDF and OM was lowest in the fourth cut fodders. Accordingly, the methane production at t½ increased linearly with the number of cuts and was highest in the fourth cut fodders. Irrespective of cuts, total VFAs production varied from 6.6 mM/dl in shaftal to 7.95 mM/dl in lucerne. Lucerne produced highest amount of acetate, propionate and butyrate, followed by that produced by berseem. Irrespective of fodder species, the relative proportion of propionate declined with the number of cuts. It was concluded that amongst the tested multi-cut leguminous forages, the use of shaftal in the diet of ruminants may help in mitigating enteric methane production and that the enteric methane production increased with the number of cuts of the forage.
Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 2021
The objective of this study was to evaluate ingredients and diets containing increasing levels of crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein, with in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. Diets were formulated for feedlot lambs and contained different levels of crambe cake protein (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g kg-1) replacing soybean meal protein. Corn silage was used as roughage. Carbohydrate digestion rates were estimated using the in vitro gas production technique and the cumulative gas production kinetics were analyzed using the bicompartmental logistic model. The parameters values of ruminal degradation kinetics were generated using the R statistical program with the Gauss-Newton algorithm and then subjected to analysis of variance and regression (when necessary) according to a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications. Upon carbohydrate fractionation of ingredients and experimental diets, it w...
In situ ruminal crude protein degradability of by-products from cereals, oilseeds and animal origin
Livestock Science, 2013
The aim of this study was to establish a database on in situ ruminal crude protein (CP) degradability characteristics of by-products from cereal grains, oilseeds and animal origin commonly fed to ruminants in Pakistan and South Asian Countries. The oilseed by-products were soybean meal, sunflower meal, mustard seed meal, cottonseed meal, decorticated and un-decorticated cottonseed cake, maize oil cake and mustard seed cake. The cereal grain byproducts were corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, guar meal, toria meal, rice meal, rice polishings, rice bran and wheat bran. The animal by-products were fish meal, feather meal, blood meal, and meat and bone meal. Four samples per feed were collected from different dairy farms (n¼1), local markets (n¼1), and agro-food industries (n¼ 2). Ruminal protein degradation characteristics of the feeds were determined using the in situ nylon bag technique where each feed was incubated in the rumen of 3 mature steers for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. There were large differences in instantly soluble (W) fraction, potentially rumen degradable (D) fraction, rate of degradation (k d ) and effective degradability of crude protein (ED CP ) among the by-product feeds. Among the oilseed by-products, mustard seed cake had the highest (Po0.05) and un-decorticated cottonseed cake had the lowest ED CP values at the three outflow rates (0.02, 0.05 and 0.08/h). Similarly, among cereal grain by-products wheat bran had the highest (Po0.05) and rice bran had the lowest ED CP . The animal by-product based protein feeds had lower k d and ED CP values compared to oilseeds and cereal grain by-product based protein feeds, and can be used to increase the bypass protein. The CP degradation parameters reported in this study can be used to optimize diet formulation for ruminant livestock in terms of protein supply to the animals, and reduce N losses to the environment and increase economic profitability of the dairy farmers.
Small Ruminant Research, 1995
Degradability characteristics of oats hay (harvested at milk stage), oats straw, wheat middlings and forage legumes (lablab (Lablab purpureus) hay, leaves of sesbania (Sesbaniu sesban) and tagasaste (Chumaecytisus pafmensis)) were evaluated in three sheep given native hay supplemented with cottonseed cake. In Trial 2, 18 fistulated male sheep were given six dietary treatments: ad libitum oats straw with 250 g (as fed) of lablab hay; ad libitum oats hay alone or supplemented with either 250 g (as fed) of lablab hay, wheat middlings (WM), sesbania or tagasaste. The effect of these diets on degradabilities of oats hay and oats straw and rumen particulate passage rate (kl) were determined. Oats hay had higher (P < 0.05) solubility, potential dry matter (DM) degradability and soluble nitrogen (N) (63 1 vs. 498 g per kg; P < 0.01) than oats straw. Oats hay DM degraded 2.3 times faster than oats straw when both were supplemented with lablab. Sheep given hay-lablab diet had a faster kl (0.0371 vs. 0.0173 h-l; P<O.Ol) and consumed more roughage (606 vs. 447 g per day; P<O.Ol) than those given strawlablab diet. Sesbania had the highest potential DM degradability (921 g per kg) followed by WM (846), tagasaste (762) and lablab (706). WM (DM) degraded fastest followed in order by sesbania, lablab and tagasaste. Lablab had the highest soluble N (737 g per kg) and differed (P < 0.001) from sesbania (298)) WM (526) and tagasaste, which was negative (-38). Sesbania had the highest potential N degradability (922). followed by lablab (866). WM (849) and tagasaste (737). Supplements had similar (P>O.O5) N degradation rates. Supplementation and type of supplement had no effect on any of the degradation characteristics of oats hay. Sheep given WM had the fastest kl followed in order by lablab, sesbania and tagasaste. Supplementation increased the intakes of DM (P < 0.0 1) and N (P < 0.05) but not of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ; but supplement types had no effect (P > 0.05) on the intake of oats hay, total DM or NDF. It was concluded that supplementation with forage legumes had no effect on oats hay DM degradation rate but tended to enhance kl. Forage legumes that disappear fast from the rumen may induce lower substitution rates.