Black oxide conversion coating on metals: A review of coating techniques and adaptation for SAE 420A surgical grade stainless steel (original) (raw)
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2016
High reflectance of surgical instruments under bright<br> light hinders the visual clarity during laparoscopic surgical<br> procedures leading to loss of precision and device control and creates<br> strain and undesired difficulties to surgeons. Majority of the surgical<br> instruments are made of surgical grade steel. Instruments with a non<br> reflective surface can enhance the visual clarity during precision<br> surgeries. A conversion coating of black oxide has been successfully<br> developed 410 grade surgical stainless steel .The characteristics of<br> the developed coating suggests the application of this technique for<br> developing 410 grade surgical instruments with minimal reflectance.
2018
Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE), DRDO, Dehradun-248 008, Uttarakhand, India E-mail: lrchauhan@irde.drdo.in Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Delhi-110 054, India Manuscript received 24 November 2017, revised 26 April 2018, accepted 28 April 2018 This work is an extension of our earlier development work. A chemical bath developed for optical coating on a particular kind of stainless steel, is utilized for the blackening of selected steel used for the fabrication of specific mechanical components for the vision instruments. In this study, first operating parameters of the formulated bath is evaluated and then the process is optimized for desired black oxide coating on the surface of this specified steel. Characterization of coating for optical and mechanical properties (hardness and roughness), surface micro-structure and environmental effect is carried out by using spectroscopy, indentation hardness test, optical profilometer, SE...
Key Engineering Materials, 2014
The overwhelming majority of medical instrumentation are executed form metalic materials, form the category of austenitic steinlees steel and titan alloys, which poses a good rezistance to corrosion, appropriate mechanical properties, and a good biocompatibility. The lifetime for the medical instrumentation is generaly low due to the modification of surface properties of metal tools from poor maintenance by medical personnel performing decontamination and sterilization operations (having no knowledge of material science), or the the improper use of chemical reagents or low quality of water used in decontamination processes. Identified solutions to improve surface properties of these parts of surgical instruments made of metallic consist of deposition of protective coatings. In this experimental study, we perform different coatings on a substrate made by stainless steel type 316L. We use different coating materials, each deposited by a specific method: hard ceramic biomaterials (TiO2 and YSZ -yttria stabilized zirconia) deposited by the method of deposition and plasma, respectively zirconium carbonitride (mono and multilayer) deposited by cathodic arc deposition method. The obtained coatings was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS in order to characterize the morphology and composition of the coatings. The selected samples were tested for corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance was determined by linear polarization technique, which involves plotting the potentiodynamic polarization curves of -1 V (vs. OC) to 1 V (vs SCE), with a scan rate of 0.5 mV / s. The corrosion tests was performed in physiological saline infusion (NaCl concentration 7%) at room temperature (25 ± 1 ° C) according to ASTM G15-97a. As a general conclusion we can say that layers ZrCN based presents the best parameter values of corrosion and therefore the best corrosion resistance in the case of surgical instruments.
Impact of Surface Treatment on the Functional Properties Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications
Materials
The main goal of the carried out tests was to analyze the influence of the surface modification of a substrate by depositing composite ZnO layers by the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method. The samples were subjected to preliminary surface modification consisting of being sandblasted and electropolished. A ZnO layer was applied to the prepared substrates by the ALD method. As a precursor of ZnO, diethylzinc (DEZ) was used, which reacted with water, enabling the deposition of the thin films. The chamber temperature was as follows: T = 100–300 °C. The number of cycles was 500 and 1500. As part of the assessment of the physicochemical properties of the resulting surface layers, the tests of chemical composition of the layer, pitting corrosion, impedance corrosion, adhesion to the metal substrate, morphology surface, and wettability were carried out. On the basis of the obtained research, it was found that a composite ZnO layer deposited onto a substrate previously subjected to the ele...
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2018
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A combination of interdisciplinary analytical tools for evaluation of multi-layered coatings on medical grade stainless steel for biomedical applications
Corrosion in surgical instruments
IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2013
The surgical instruments that are on the market for use in medical and dental treatments, most of which are designed for specific actions in specific types of surgery, are usually manufactured from stainless steels, including AISI-420 and AISI-304, as well as titanium alloys. They are manufactured by many different companies, which means that the materials used to make them have a variety of sources, types of alloys, material quality, mechanical fabrication processes and costs. Surgical instruments are subject to contamination, or bacterial adherence to the instruments, from various sources, which can have an enormous impact on human health. Hospitals and clinics are well-suited environments for this to happen, since they concentrate both particularly susceptible hosts and highly resistant microorganisms. Therefore, cleaning and sterilization of all surgical instruments after each use is essential. Typically, steam autoclaves and solutions of chlorine-based oxidants or similar chemicals are used. These methods of cleaning can cause premature deterioration of the instruments, reducing their lifespan. Unannounced inspections of hospitals often detect instruments containing small fractures, microscopic cracks, pitting, and crevices that should invalidate their use in surgery. The objectives of this study are to identify the types of corrosion that occur in the process of sterilization and to critically assess the matter in relation to the costs of the instruments available in the Brazilian market. Finally, this study aims to clarify and publicize the problem of the quality of surgical instruments that can be used in hospitals, possibly compromising the health of the population.
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2006
Metallic endovascular stents are used as medical devices to scaffold biological lumen, most often diseased arteries, after balloon angioplasty. They are commonly made of 316L stainless steel or Nitinol, two alloys containing nickel, an element classified as potentially toxic and carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Although they are largely implanted, the long-term safety of such metallic elements is still controversial, since the corrosion processes may lead to the release of several metallic ions, including nickel ions in diverse oxidation states. To avoid metallic ion release in the body, the strategy behind this work was to develop a process aiming the complete isolation of the stainless steel device from the body fluids by a thin, cohesive and strongly adherent coating of RF-plasmapolymerized fluoropolymer. Nevertheless, prior to the polymer film deposition, an essential aspect was the development of a pre-treatment for the metallic substrate, based on the electrochemical polishing process, aiming the removal of any fragile interlayer, including the native oxide layer and the carbon contaminated layer, in order to obtain a smooth, defect-free surface to optimize the adhesion of the plasmadeposited thin film. In this work, the optimized parameters for electropolishing, such as the duration and the temperature of the electrolysis, and the complementary acid dipping were presented and accurately discussed. Their effects on roughness as well as on the evolution of surface topography were investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy, stylus profilometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The modifications www.lbb.gmn.ulaval.ca induced on the surface atomic concentrations were studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The improvements in terms of the surface morphology after the pre-treatment were also emphasized, as well as the influence of the original stainless steel surface finish.
DLC coatings on martensitic steel used for surgical instruments
The main aim of the work was evaluation of corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and topography of DLC coating formed by means of RF PACVD and magnetron method on the X39Cr13 martensitic steel used for surgical instruments. Design/methodology/approach: The corrosion resistance tests of samples were carried out by means of potentiodynamic method registering anodic polarization curves in physiological Tyrode's solution at temperature 37±1 o C. Registering of anodic polarization curves was conducted at the pace of potential change equal to 1 mV/s. As the reference electrode saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was, the auxiliary electrode was platinium electrode. Mechanical properties were evaluated on the basis of the Vickers hardness test. The test was realized with the use of the CSEM NHT hardness tester. The topography observations of the surface with the DLC coating by means of the confocal laser scanning microscope LEXT OLS3000 Olympus were carried out. The following surface treatments were applied: barrel finishing, chemical passivation and deposition of DLC coating by means of the RF PACVD and magnetron method. Findings: The investigations revealed diverse corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the individual samples. The highest corrosion resistance was observed for the barrel finished, passivated and DLC coated samples obtained by means of magnetron method. Research limitations/implications: Usefulness of DLC coatings will be evaluated in further research in in vitro conditions. Furthermore wear a measurements of surgical drills coated with DLC layer (RF PACVD and magnetron method) will be carried out. Originality/value: The improvement of physico-chemical properties of surgical instruments made of martensitic steel will undoubtedly increase the safety of surgical procedures and reduce costs.
Electrochemical coloration of stainless steel as an alternative for architectural coatings
Proceedings of the 1st International Seminar on Industrial Innovation in Electrochemistry, 2014
The characterization of architectural coatings grown on the surface of AISI 304 stainless steel by an electrochemical coloration process was realized by multiple techniques. The interference colored coatings were grown in a sulphochromic solution at room temperature by an alternating pulse current method. The morphology and chemical state of the elements in the films were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES), and infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). Depth-sensing indentation (DSI) experiments and wear abrasion tests were employed to assess the mechanical resistance of the films. The coloration process resulted in porous thin films which increased the surface roughness of the substrate. The interference films mainly consisted of hydrated chromium oxide containing iron. Increasing film thickness produced different colors and affected the mechanical properties of the coating-substrate.