Association between Secondhand Smoke in Hospitality Venues and Urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol Concentrations in Non-Smoking Staff (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery, 2011
Background: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is increasingly recognized as an occupational hazard to workers in the service industry. In areas of the world with moderate climates, open windows and doors are assumed to provide a work environment with only marginally increased exposures to SHS. Methods: We measured indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 50 semiopen air venues in Greece during the summer. Cotinine levels from a nonsmoking employee of each of these venues were measured from a postshift urine sample. Results: In these semiopen-air venues, the mean level of indoor PM 2.5 levels were 113.5 AE 72.3 mg/m 3. The mean postshift urinary cotinine levels of nonworking workers in these venues was 15 ng/mL. PM2.5 levels were strongly correlated with urinary cotinine concentrations (spearman's r ¼ 0.914). Linear regression analyses indicated that when taking into account the time of the measurement, the day of the week, for each 1 cigarette/ 100 m 3 the indoor PM2.5 concentrations increased by 26.6 mg/m 3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.6-45.7 mg/m 3 , p ¼ 0.007) and urinary cotinine levels of nonsmoking workers increased by 5.0 ng/mL (95% CI: 0.4 to 9.6, p ¼ 0.034). Conclusions: In a sample of bars and restaurants with windows and doors open, indoor PM2.5 concentrations were elevated and increased proportionately to the density of smoking. Cotinine levels of nonsmoking employees increased with indoor PM2.5 concentrations, and also with the density of smoking. Open windows and doors do not protect workers from exposure to secondhand smoke.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019
Background: Turkey passed a law banning smoking in all indoor public places in 2008. In response to the indoor smoking restriction, many smokers may have relocated to outdoor areas of venues. The aim of this study was to evaluate air pollution related to SHS exposure in indoor and outdoor areas of hospitality venues in 12 cities in Turkey. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated hospitality venues in 12 cities in Turkey. In each visited venue, we evaluated a pre-specified number of study locations such as the outdoor area of the main entrance, indoor areas, and patios or other outdoor dining areas, completely or partially covered with window walls. We measured particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in those areas. Results: The fieldworkers visited 72 randomly selected hospitality venues and measured PM2.5 concentrations in 165 different locations (indoor, outdoor, and patios) of those venues. Overall, 2573 people were observed, 909 of them smoking. The median (IQR) PM2.5 concent...
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2014
Objectives: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a defined occupational hazard. The association though between SHS exposure in semiopen air venues and tobacco specific carcinogen uptake is an area of debate. Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey of 49 semi-open air cafes in Athens, Greece was performed during the summer of 2008, prior to the adoption of the national smoke free legislation. All venues had at least 1 entire wall open to allow for free air exchange. Indoor concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM 2.5) attributable to SHS were assessed during a work shift, while 1 non-smoking employee responsible for indoor and outdoor table service from each venue provided a post work shift urine sample for analysis of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Results: Post work shift NNAL concentrations were correlated with work shift PM 2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS (r = 0.376, p = 0.0076). Urinary NNAL concentrations among employees increased by 9.5%, per 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 concentrations attributable to SHS after controlling for the time of day and day of week. Conclusions: These results indicate that the commonly proposed practice of maintaining open sliding walls as a means of free air exchange does not lead to the elimination of employee exposure to tobacco specific carcinogens attributable to workplace SHS.
Exposure to second‐hand smoke air pollution assessed from bar patrons' urinary cotinine
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2006
We used physical and pharmacokinetic modeling to estimate personal exposures to respirable particle (RSP) and carcinogenic particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PPAH) air pollution from second-hand smoke (SHS) from the increase in urinary cotinine of eight patrons of three bars in Bismarck, North Dakota. We compared SHS-RSP levels to the U.S. Air Quality Index (AQI), used to forecast outdoor air pollution conditions. We measured smoker density and air exchange rates to generalize our results. Urinary cotinine increased by an average of 4.28 ng/ml to 6.88 ng/ml to 9.55 ng/ml above preexposure background from 6-hr exposures in the three bars. Corresponding estimated SHS-RSP levels were, respectively, 246 mg/m 3 , 396 mg/m 3 , and 549 mg/m 3 , comparable to those measured in 6 Wilmington, Delaware, bars and in 14 western New York bars. Estimated personal SHS-RSP air pollution exposures for the eight subjects, when converted to the 24-hr averaging time of the AQI, were ''code red'' (unhealthy). Measured outdoor air quality RSP levels for the same period were 1%-3% of the indoor RSP levels in the three bars, and were AQI ''code green'' (healthy). Estimated SHS-PPAH levels were comparable to peak 3-hr PPAH levels reported at a highway tollbooth. Bismarck cotinine-estimated SHS-RSP varied with smoker density, as did measured SHS-RSP levels in smoking bars in Delaware and New York. Our results show that smoking in bars produces levels of personal air pollution for bar patrons that merit air pollution alerts when sustained in the outdoor air.
2010
Background: A smoking ban in all indoor public places was enforced in Italy on 10 January 2005. Methods: We compared indoor air quality before and after the smoking ban by monitoring the indoor concentrations of fine (,2.5 mm diameter, PM 2.5 ) and ultrafine particulate matter (,0.1 mm diameter, UFP). PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles were measured in 40 public places (14 bars, six fast food restaurants, eight restaurants, six game rooms, six pubs) in Rome, before and after the introduction of the law banning smoking (after 3 and 12 months). Measurements were taken using real time particle monitors (DustTRAK Mod. 8520 TSI; Ultra-fine Particles Counter-TRAK Model 8525 TSI). The PM 2.5 data were scaled using a correction equation derived from a comparison with the reference method (gravimetric measurement). The study was completed by measuring urinary cotinine, and pre-law and post-law enforcement among non-smoking employees at these establishments Results: In the post-law period, PM 2.5 decreased significantly from a mean concentration of 119.3 mg/m 3 to 38.2 mg/m 3 after 3 months (p,0.005), and then to 43.3 mg/m 3 a year later (p,0.01). The UFP concentrations also decreased significantly from 76 956 particles/cm 3 to 38 079 particles/cm 3 (p,0.0001) and then to 51 692 particles/cm 3 (p,0.01). Similarly, the concentration of urinary cotinine among nonsmoking workers decreased from 17.8 ng/ml to 5.5 ng/ml (p,0.0001) and then to 3.7 ng/ml (p,0.0001). Conclusion: The application of the smoking ban led to a considerable reduction in the exposure to indoor fine and ultrafine particles in hospitality venues, confirmed by a contemporaneous reduction of urinary cotinine.
The level of particulate matter (PM2.5 ) in several indoor public venues
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2018
Indoor air pollution in developing countries is a public health problem deserving of urgent attention. The aim of this study was to assess indoor secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure via PM 2.5 (fine particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) level measurements in several public venues in Kuwait. The PM 2.5 mean, median, and interquartile range (IQR) values for nonsmoking areas were; respectively, 28, 24, 32 μg/m 3 while the corresponding values for smoking areas were 274, 222, 288 μg/m 3 in the absence of water pipe usage and 1434, 1001, 964 μg/m 3 in the presence of water pipes, respectively. Differences among the three tested venues (nonsmoking, smoking with and without water pipes) were statistically significant (F = 330.7, P < 0.001). The air quality index (AQI) results showed that nonsmoking areas were mostly classified as either "Good" or "Moderate" whereas the classification in smoking areas varied between "Moderate" to "Hazardous." Adverse health outcomes from exposure to PM 2.5 were also evaluated. The estimated lifetime lung cancer and cardiopulmonary risks in nonsmoking area were 4 × 10 −3 and 3 × 10 −3 , respectively. In smoking areas, the risks were more than sixfold and 30-fold increases of cancer and cardiopulmonary relative to nonsmoking areas without and with water pipes, respectively. In smoking venues, the relative ratio values were 1.26 and 1.16 with no water pipe and 1.86 and 1.51 when water pipe usage was observed, for lung cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality, respectively. These values reveal that people, especially the young and elderly, occupying or visiting these venues are susceptible to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality.