The Earth Must be Expanding Globally (original) (raw)
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Exactly 101 years ago, German scientist-Alfred Lothar Wegener, sailed against the prevailing wisdom of his day when he posited that not only have the Earth's continental plates receded from each other over the course of the Earth's history, but that they are currently in a state of motion relative to one another. To explain this, Wegener set forth the hypothesis that the Earth must be expanding as a whole. Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces and energy source responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the Earth was a rigid solid body resulted in the acrimonious dismissal of his theories. Today, that the continents are receding from each other is no longer a point of debate but a sacrosanct pillar of modern geology and geophysics. What is debatable is the energy source driving this phenomenon. An expanding Earth hypothesis is currently an idea that is not accepted on a general consensus level. Antiproponent of the expanding Earth mercilessly dismiss it as a pseudo or fringe science with their main point of rejection being the energy source to power this supposed expansion. Be that as it may, we show herein that from the well accepted law of conversation of spin angular momentum, Stephenson [1]'s result that over the last 2700 years or so, the length of the Earth's day has undergone a change of about +17.00 μs/yr, this result invariably leads to the plausibility the Earth may very be expanding radially at a paltry rate of about +0.60 mm/yr. If correct, this simple fact, automatically move the expanding Earth hypothesis from the realm of pseudo or fringe science, to that of plausible science.
An Expanding Earth - A reply to two recent denial papers
Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, 2020
In the March 2019 issue of the Rendiconti Online of the SGI, a geologist continued his attack on the theory of terrestrial expansion (Sudiro, 2019), this time focusing on the implications that paleomagnetic data, particularly the paleopoles, have as evidence for the expanding Earth concept. An initial more general publication on the subject by the same author appeared in the EGU History of the Earth Sciences journal in 2014 (Sudiro, 2014). The present paper demonstrates the inadequacy of many of the criticisms formulated in the above publications, making it clear that the expanding Earth is not an outdated idea from the historical-scientific contingencies of the past, but instead a scientific concept that is very much alive and with very interesting future prospects. The evidential value of the paleopole data and catalogues is specifically defended here, together with the TPW and its link to the opening of the Pacific Ocean. The numerous lines of research that have emerged on the basis of expanding Earth are briefly described in a non-exhaustive review. The failure to recognise the expansion of celestial bodies as a phenomenon could be a contributing factor to the current state of crisis in Physics and Cosmology.
Expanding Earth & The implications on the geophysics of the Earth
Expanding Earth , 2018
Introduction 2. Age of the oceanic lithosphere 2.1 Paleomagnetism 2.2 Isochron map of the ocean floor 3. Expanding Earth concept 3.1 History 3.2 The basics of the theory 3.3 Primitive size 3.4 The orange peel effect 3.5 Relief map 3.6 Biogeographic evidence 3.7 Fish fossils on mountains 4. Plate tectonics problems vs Expanding Earth 4.1 Driving force mystery 4.2 No adequate explanation for how plate tectonics began 4.3 The subduction enigma 4.3.1 The Pacific Basin 4.3.2 Plates cannot subduct in an arc 4.4 The Africa enigma 4.5 The Antarctica enigma 4.6 No possible Atlantic tectonic closure 4.7 The enigma of India's drift 4.8 The 'Pacific Triangle' 4.9 The extraordinary coincidence of maximum floor ages 4.10 Volcanic chains 4.11 Mountain formation 5. Mechanism for Earth expansion 5.1 Revision of geophysics of Earth 5.2 Potential mechanism for increased mass 5.3 Potential mechanism for increased volume with conservation of mass 6. A call for a new gravity theory
Earth Expansion Evidence: a Challenge for Geology, Geophysics and Astronomy
Workshop 'The Earth Expansion …, 2011
The last century was dominated by the creation of scientific theories: the newborn Relativistic, Quantum and Cosmological Theories are proper examples. The Earth Sciences followed this trend by proposing the principles of Plate tectonics. On the contrary, the ...
The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief
During the first half of 20th century, the dominant global tectonics model based on Earth contraction had increasing problems accommodating new geological evidence, with the result that alternative geodynamic theories were investigated. Due to the level of scientific knowledge and the limited amount of data available in many scientific disciplines at the time, not only was contractionism considered a valid scientific theory but the debate also included expansionism, mobilism on a fixed-dimension planet, or various combinations of these geodynamic hypotheses. Geologists and physicists generally accepted that planets could change their dimensions, although the change of volume was generally believed to happen because of a contraction, not an expansion.
Explaining the Earth System-A View Based on Earth Expansion Theory
2021
Here following the Earth expansion theory, a new interpretation on Earth has been put forward, bearing in mind that the original Earth was small, ocean-less and covered with a solid sialic Crust. Geophysical studies have confirmed that below the Crust there occurs a basaltic Mantle, followed by fluid Outer Core considered to be composed of liquid iron. The planet’s inner-most part or Inner Core, though composed of solid iron from where magnetic lines of force emerge, has not been reckoned as magnetic because of high core temperature. Here we have shown that since the thickness of the Outer Core matches with the extent of expansion, the former has opened up as a void zone due to expansion. Hence, in the planet’s interior two solid geospheres separated by a void zone occur which in turn would give rise to a force of gravitation in the reverse direction. We interpret here that because of reverse gravity, temperature of the solid Inner Core would be sufficiently low and the Inner Core, ...
The Earth Is Shrinking. The Theory of Increasing Gravity
When the proto-Earth initially accreted its loosely packed material would have slowly compacted eliminating gaps and as everything moved closer together its communal gravity increased. More intense gravity made everything within the field gain in weight, which caused further compaction and another round of increases in density, gravity and weight. I propose that this process ensures a continual cycle of gravitational intensification of the planet. In this paper I will explore the possibility that the Earth " s gravity, mass and compaction are still increasing and that this has been the action responsible for the planet " s evolution from day one. We do not have a definitive explanation for the force behind the motion of the tectonic plates, the annual increase in the distance to the Moon, the cause of ice ages, mass extinctions or the various geological ages. A planet contracting under its increasing mass would account for these actions and several other climatic, geological and evolutionary anomalies that are currently ignored for want of a plausible force. In this paper I will discuss the effects that escalating gravity would have on the Earth and evidence in the geological and paleontological records for this action. I will explain why such an increase is virtually undetectable and what the future holds in store for our fragile planet if the Theory of Increasing Gravity is substantiated. The Theory of Increasing Gravity.
The rotational stability of a convecting Earth: the Earth’s figure and TPW over the last 100 Myr
Geophysical Journal International, 2011
Palaeomagnetic records spanning the last 100 Myr indicate that the reorientation of the Earth's rotation axis relative to the surface geography (or true polar wander, TPW) has been confined to a range less than 6 • from its present location. This limited TPW is unexpected given that a canonical theory for the rotational stability of the Earth generally predicts that mantle convection should drive larger displacements of the pole. We argue, following earlier work, that the muted TPW is a consequence of the stable, excess flattening of the Earth's figure driven by plate subduction and deep mantle superplumes rising beneath Africa and the Pacific. In particular, we show that the TPW record is consistent with convection-induced perturbations to the Earth's inertia tensor of order 20 per cent or less of the excess flattening over the last 100 Myr; this upper bound will be higher if the Earth's lithosphere retains any significant elastic strength over such long timescales. This inferred stability of the Earth's figure has important implications for our understanding of deep mantle structure and the long-term, global-scale evolution of the Earth.
On the Expanding Earth and Shrinking Moon
Exactly 101 years ago, German scientist Alfred Lothar Wegener, sailed against the prevailing wisdom of his day when he posited that not only have the Earth's continental plates receded from each other over the course of the Earth's history, but that they are currently in a state of motion relative to one another. To explain this, Wegener set forth the hypothesis that the Earth must be expanding as a whole. Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces and energy source responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the Earth was a rigid solid body resulted in the acrimonious dismissal of his theories. Today, that the continents are generally receding from each other is no longer a point of debate but a sacrosanct pillar of modern geology and geophysics. What is debatable is the energy source driving this phenomenon. Herein, we hold that continental drift is a result of the Earth undergoing a secular radial expansion. An expanding Earth hypothesis is currently an idea that is not accepted on a general consensus level. Be that as it may, we show herein that the law of conservation of angular momentum and energy entail that the Earth must not only expand as a consequence of the secular recession of the Earth-Moon system from the Sun, but invariably, that the Moon must contract as well. As a result, the much sort for energy source driving plate tectonics can (hypothetically) be identified with the energy transfers occurring between the orbital and rotational kinetic energy of the Earth. If our calculations are to be believed-as we do; then, the Earth must be expanding radially at a paltry rate of about +1.50 mm/yr while the Moon is contracting radially at a relatively high rate of about −410 mm/yr.