Toxicity attenuation of atractyloside in traditional Chinese medicinal herbs after hydrothermal processing (original) (raw)
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The Degradation Mechanism of Toxic Atractyloside in Herbal Medicines by Decoction
Molecules, 2013
Atractyloside (ATR) is found in many Asteraceae plants that are commonly used as medicinal herbs in China and other eastern Asian countries. ATR binds specifically to the adenine nucleotide translocator in the inner mitochondrial membrane and competitively inhibits ADP and ATP transport. The toxicity of ATR in medical herbs can be reduced by hydrothermal processing, but the mechanisms of ATR degradation are not well understood. In this study, GC-MS coupled with SPE and TMS derivatisation was used to detect ATR levels in traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Our results suggest that ATR molecules were disrupted by decomposition, hydrolysis and saponification after heating with water (decoction) for a long period of time. Hydrothermal processing could decompose the endogenous toxic compounds and also facilitate the detoxification of raw materials used in the Chinese medicine industry.
The biochemistry and toxicity of atractyloside: a review
Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2000
Atractyloside poisoning is an infrequent but often fatal form of herbal poisoning, which occurs worldwide but especially in Africa and the Mediterranean regions. The primary mechanism of atractyloside poisoning is known to be inhibition of the mitochondrial ADP transporter. Poisoning in humans may present with either acute hepatic or renal pathology and it is possible that there is a second, different mechanism of toxicity to the hepatocyte. Atractyloside in large amounts gives rise to massive necrosis, but in vitro studies have shown that at lower doses cells progress to apoptosis. Simple methods for the detection of atractyloside poisoning are at present restricted to thin-layer chromatography in urine and are useful only in the case of severe poisoning. Immunoassays, high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatogrpahy/mass spectrometry method have yet to be applied to clinical diagnoses. There is at present no treatment, but a fuller understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity may lead to the application of a number of compounds that are effective in vitro.
Attenuation of Toxic Power of Atractylis Gummifera
2018
Atractylis gummifera is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family which is known for its toxicity, Despite this toxicity and fatal poisoning, the plant is still widely used in traditional medicine for therapeutic. In absence of a specific antidote likely to mitigate the toxicity of this plant, the search for factors that attenuate its toxic power is of extreme importance. In order to realize this study, we used the root of Atractylis gummifera which underwent so treatments, and were administered to rats by gavage. This allowed us to estimate the relevance of each technique in terms of exhaustion toxic substances or alleviation of toxicity by assessing the mortality rate caused by each type of extract. This attenuation was observed at high and moderate temperatures, and increased with increasing of incubation time. Acidification also enhances the efficiency of the attenuation of the toxicity at pH=2 Keywords— Atractylis gummifera, toxicity, DL 50, attenuation
Analysis of the Sesquiterpenoids in Processed Atractylodis Rhizoma
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2007
In Asia, both Western and Chinese medicines are in regular use. Herb use is an important characteristic of traditional Chinese medicine. Atractylodis Rhizoma, the dried rhizome of Atractylodes ovata DE CANDOLLE (Compositae), is easily purchased in traditional medicinal markets and is widely used in herbal diets as a tonic agent in Taiwan. In traditional medicine usage, it has several health-promoting functions, including antidiarrheal action, a benefit to the stomach, the arrest of abnormal sweating, a diuretic action, and nourishment. In regard to its chemical constituents, the major ingredients of Atractylodis Rhizoma are eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, i.e., atractylon, and atractylenolides I, II, and III. 1,2) Pharmacological functions of Atractylodis Rhizoma are closely related to these sesquiterpenoids, including activity against gastrointestinal disease, 3,4) anti-hepatotoxicity, 5,6) anti-inflammation, 7) action against leukemia cells, 8,9) and inhibition of Na ϩ-K ϩ-ATPase activity. 10) A previous study showed that atractylon expressed greater cytotoxicity than atractylenolides I, II, and III in a HL-60 leukemia cell line. 8) However, atractylon is an excessively unstable sesquiterpenoid. So when exposed to air at room temperature, atractylon will spontaneously oxidize to atractylenolides II and III 11) (Fig. 1). Therefore, we discuss the effects of variations in the sesquiterpenoid contents of Atractylodis Rhizoma after being processed in this study. According to the traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia, like Ben Cao Gang Mu or Shang Han Lun, processing (pao zhi) plays an important role in preparing Chinese medicines because the herbal properties are changed by different processing methods. Evidence has shown that different drying process conditions alter the volatile oil concentrations in Laurus nobilis L. and peppermint. 12,13) With the same drying process, we were able to change the extraction yield of volatile oil in Curcuma longa L. through a steam processing method. 14) Moreover, the antioxidative abilities of Cassia tora L. and Amygdalus communis L. were influenced by different roasting processing conditions. 15,16) We also could change the composition of isoflavones in soybeans by a soaking processing method. 17) Interestingly, the stir-fry processing method has different functions in the preparation of Chinese herbs. The flavonoid and polysaccharide contents differed in raw or stir-fried Typha angustifolia L. because of different stir-fry conditions, including stir-fried temperatures and times. 18) Moreover, levels of p-hydroxybenzoylcholine bisulfate, the active component in the seeds of Brassica alba L., were increased after stir-fry processing. 19) There are still many general processing methods including baking, calcining, carbonizing, and simmering. Besides processing methods, assistant substrates also play a critical role in preparing Chinese prescriptions. All assistant substrates can be divided into liquid assistant substrates, i.e., wine, vinegar, honey, rice-powder solution, and rice-washing solution, and solid assistant substrates, i.e., paddy, wheat bran, red soil, and burnt clay. At the present time, critical problems with the commercial processing of Chinese herbs are the quality and
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020
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Toxicity effects of water extracts of Holothuria atra Jaeger in mice
Objective: To determine lethal median dose (LD50) and histopathological toxicity of water extract of Holothuria atra (H. atra) in mice. Methods: The behavioral changes, mortality and histopathology examination on liver were assessed in mice 14 d after the administration (i.p.) of H. atra water extract. Seven doses (10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) of H. atra were used. The control group was treated with normal saline. Results: In the acute study in mice, the water extracts of H. atra caused dose-dependent general nboethiacveido ri madmveedrisaet ealfyfe acfttse ra nadd mmionritsatrliattyi.o nT hoef tmhaei ne xbtreahcatv wiohraicl hs iwgnas o mf toorxei coibtyv iwouass ahty pthoea chtiigvhiteyr, dwoasse 4s1 a mndg /kpge risnis mteidc eu.n Ttihl ed leiavtehr. tMoxoirctiatyli twy aisn ccroenafsiremd ewd itbhy ihnicsrteoapsaitnhgo ldogoisceasl, ethxea mcianlcatuiloant,e dw hLiDch50 iansd wicealtle ads t heen lparregseedn nceu colfe ia binn olromwa dl ohseepsa gtorcoyutpess. wHiitghh a d doissetos rgterdou sphsa pined aicnadt eudn dae mfinoered pcerollm liinneinngt dkiasrtyoortrihoenx oisf tahned p koalyrhyoeldyrtailc hneupcalteoic y(nteesc rwoistihs uonf dheefpinaetdoc cyetells l).i nCinogn,t rmola sgsriovuep c ysthoopwlaesdm p, oplyykhneodtriacl, chyetpoaptloacsymte. s with defined cell lining arranged in cords and normal round nuclei, with granular Conclusions: Because of the relatively low LD50 value in the acute study in mice, it may be concluded that the H. atra water extract is toxic.
Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning: an ethnopharmacological review
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2005
Atractylis gummifera L. (Asteraceae) is a thistle located in the Mediterranean regions. Despite the plant's well-known toxicity, its ingestion continues to be a common cause of poisoning. The toxicity of Atractylis gummifera resides in atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside, two diterpenoid glucosides capable of inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Both constituents interact with a mitochondrial protein, the adenine nucleotide translocator, responsible for the ATP/ADP antiport and involved in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Poisoned patients manifest characteristic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, anxiety, headache and convulsions, often followed by coma. No specific pharmacological treatment for Atractylis gummifera intoxication is yet available and all the current therapeutic approaches are only symptomatic. In vitro experiments showed that some compounds such as verapamil, or dithiothreitol could protect against the toxic effects of atractyloside, but only if administered before atractyloside exposure. New therapeutic approaches could come from immunotherapy research: some studies have already tried to produce polyclonal Fab fragments against the toxic components of Atractylis gummifera.
Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine, 2016
Aim/Background: The present study evaluated the antioxidant vitamins and total phenolics contents from Monodora myristica, Chromolaena odorata, Buccholzia coriacea and Sphenostylis stenocarpa in connection with their comparative radical scavenging potentials between the raw and hydrothermal processed herbs using in vitro models. Methods: Antioxidant vitamins and total phenolics contents as well as radical scavenging capacities and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the herbs were measured using standard spectrophotometric methods. Results: The hydrothermal processed herbs exhibited relatively lower antioxidant vitamins and total phenolics contents compared with the raw herbs. Total phenolics contents of the raw and hydrothermal processed herbs varied within relatively narrow range: 0.26 ± 0.04 – 7.97 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g dry sample. The SCI50 of raw herbal extracts against O2•− was within the range of 201.61 ± 4.09 – 305.21 ± 5.11 μg/mL, whereas those of corresponding hydrothermal processed herbs gave 211.02 ± 4.15 – 531.66 ± 8.14 μg/mL. For the most part, SCI50 of the raw herbs against NO− were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of corresponding hydrothermal processed herbs. Likewise, AP50 of the raw herbs were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of corresponding hydrothermal processed herbs. Conclusion: The ambivalent radical scavenging and antioxidant capacities of antioxidant vitamins and phenolics contents of raw and hydrothermal processed herbs against the different oxidizing species were indications that the absolute herbal ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and total phenolics contents did not exclusively dictate radical scavenging and antioxidant activities in vitro.