Mini review: Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in extraction of propolis extract (original) (raw)
Related papers
Supercritical CO2 extraction of raw propolis and its dry ethanolic extract
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2012
Three types of propolis extract were prepared and analyzed with respect to their global extraction yields and with respect to the concentration of the following markers: 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-methoxy-3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone. The extract EEP (ethanolic extract of propolis) was obtained by the conventional method from raw propolis using ethanol as solvent. The extracts (SFE) were obtained by supercritical solvent extraction from the raw propolis using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2 ), with and without the addition of ethanol as a co-solvent. The fractionated supercritical extracts (FSCE) were obtained by fractionation (extract and raffinate) of the dry EEP with sc-CO 2 . EEP yields of 39.5% were obtained and maximum global extraction yields were 7.3% for SFE with no co-solvent, 51% for SFE with 15% ethanol and 18% for the FSCE extract fraction. The concentrations of the markers in the different extracts differed as a function of the operational parameters, indicating that the addition of co-solvent and the selectivity of sc-CO 2 could be manipulated so as to obtain extracts with the yields and concentrations of interest.
Assessment of Propolis Treated by Different Extraction Methods
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2022
Propolis is a valuable bee product with rich phenolic compound content. Extraction procedures play an important role for the final composition of propolis and determine its properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different extraction techniques (maceration, ultrasound and microwave applications) and different solvents (ethanol and water) on some phenolic groups and antioxidant properties of propolis. The extraction of propolis was done by different solvents (70% ethanol and water) with ratio of 1/20 (w/v) propolis/solvent. After applications of these treatments chemical analyses as total phenolic compounds, total flavanol, tartaric ester content and antioxidant activities were performed. The highest antioxidant activity were determined in samples subjected to ultrasound application, whereas using of microwave-assisted extraction method lead to higher content of total phenolic compounds, total flavanol content and tartaric esters concentration. The results demonstrated the importance of used extraction techniques on propolis composition and consequently on its possible medical properties. These results demonstrated that the extraction of bioactive compounds in propolis could be optimized and properly used for healthy properties.
Propolis extracts obtained by low pressure methods and supercritical fluid extraction
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2009
Propolis is a natural product used for centuries by human kind, due to several evidenced biological activities: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-HIV. Extracts from propolis, used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, present quality and composition related to the extraction method applied. Natural compounds with biological activity can be obtained by conventional techniques, such as Soxhlet and Maceration, or by alternative methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Thus, the aim of this work was to compare propolis extraction yields obtained by different procedures, for instance, SFE in one stage, with CO 2 and CO 2 plus co-solvent, and SFE in two stages, as well as Soxhlet and Maceration as low pressure extraction methods using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, water and mixtures of water/ethanol. The operational conditions for SFE in one stage with pure CO 2 were: 30, 40 and 50 • C and from 100 to 250 bar. The SFE with co-solvent was performed at 150 bar and 40 • C and ethanol concentrations of 2, 5 and 7% (w/w). The highest yield was obtained by chloroform Soxhlet extraction (73 ± 2%, w/w) whereas for SFE the maximum yield was 24.8 ± 0.9%, using 5% ethanol as co-solvent. For SFE in two stages, 100 and 150 bar were used in the first stage while 250 and 300 bar were applied in the second stage, at 40 • C. The yields were 8.4 ± 0.7 (150 bar) and 5.1 ± 0.7 (250 bar), for stages 1 and 2, respectively. The chemical composition of the propolis material was determined by HPLC analysis. The experimental data were correlated using four models based on differential mass balance equations: (1) the Sovová's model; (2) the logistic model (3) the diffusion model and (4) the simple single plate model (SSP). The logistic model provided the best adjustment for propolis SFE curves.
Brazilian Journal of Development, 2022
Technologies for extraction and fractionation of phenolic compounds from a typical propolis from northeastern Brazil, called red propolis, using supercritical fluids may represent an environmentally correct alternative to the current extraction processes, as they are included in the concept of "green chemistry". The objective of this work was to extract and fractionate the phenolic compounds from red propolis: I) Using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as solvent and ethanol as co-solvent to obtain an ethanolic extract; II) Using scCO2 as solvent and a mixture of ethanol: water (70:30, v / v) as co-solvent to obtain a hydroalcoholic extract. After extraction, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts were fractionated using scCO2 as antisolvent at a constant temperature of 50 ºC, subjected to four gradual pressures, in a sequential of separators operated at 200, 100 and 80 bar, at the end, atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar). The procedure was characterized according to extraction yield; total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and color. It was found that the pressure influenced the yield and the concentration of the phenolic compounds in the extracts, demonstrating that the most efficient fractionation process occurred in the first and second separators. Overall, all extracts showed high antioxidant activity.
Supercritical Extraction of Red Propolis: Operational Conditions and Chemical Characterization
Molecules
The objective of this study was to determine the best operational conditions for obtaining red propolis extract with high antioxidant potential through supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology, using carbon dioxide (CO2) as the supercritical fluid and ethanol as the cosolvent. The following parameters were studied: overall extraction curve, S/F (mass of CO2/mass of sample), cosolvent percentage (0, 1, 2 and 4%) and global yield isotherms as a function of different pressures (250, 350 and 450 bar) and temperatures (31.7, 40 and 50 °C). Within the investigated parameters, the best conditions found were an S/F of 131 and the use of ethanol at the highest concentration (4% w/w), which resulted in higher extract yields and higher content of antioxidant compounds. Formononetin, the main biomarker of red propolis, was the compound found at the highest amounts in the extracts. As expected, the temperature and pressure conditions also influenced the process yield, with 350 bar and 40 ...
2013
Propolis has been used as a remedy in folk medicine, in apitherapy, as a constituent of biocosmetics, health foods and in numerous other purposes. The various biological activities of propolis have been attributed mainly to the presence of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids. Propolis has antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties, combined with the fact that several of its constituents are present in food and/or food additives make it an attractive candidate as a natural preservative in new food applications. Natural compounds with high biological activity can be obtained by conventional techniques, such as soxhlet or by alternative methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate different extraction techniques, such as extraction with water and ethanol as solvents and supercritical fluid extraction to obtain concentrated flavonoids extracts from green Brazilian propolis. The supercri...
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2015
The extraction process of bioactive compounds from propolis produced by selected bees was optimized using a 2³ factorial design planning to evaluate the effect of ethanol concentration, time and temperature on the extraction of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Analysis of total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and chemical characterization performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) detection were carried out in optimal conditions of extraction. Optimizing results suggest that the best condition for extraction of bioactive compounds was obtained in higher levels: time (45 min), temperature (70 °C) and concentration of ethanol (80%). The extract evaluated in optimal conditions presented good antioxidant activity by the radical scavenging 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods and chromatographic analysis identified phenolic acids: para-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic, indicating that this material is a potential source of bioactive compounds.
Journal of research in veterinary medicine, 2022
Propolis is an important bee product with many biological activities due to its containing phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds of propolis vary depending on the plant source, season, altitude, extraction method and solvent. The present study investigated the extraction of phenolic compounds from propolis according to solvent factors. The propolis samples were extracted in four different solvents, which were water, ethanol-water (70%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and L-lysine (8%), and were analyzed 36 phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD. Statistically significant differences in solubility of the phenolic compound at various levels were detected among the solvents (P <0.05). Only water and ethanol-water (70%) more successful than the other solvents were determined in the extraction of phenolic components of propolis. Phenolic acids generally dissolved higher in water, while flavonoids dissolved higher in ethanol were determined. Certain phenolic compounds were detected only in some of the propolis extract: syringic acid and daidzein in water, vitexin, rutin, and epigallocatechin in ethanol, and emodin in DMSO. Consequently, the chemical content is affected significantly depending on the extraction solvent of propolis. Therefore, it is essential to determine the extraction solvent and analyses of propolis before application for therapeutic purposes.
International journal of traditional and complementary medicine research, 2020
Although the volatile components in the propolis composition are in very low concentration, they are extremely important for the characterization of propolis due to their aroma-giving properties and various biological activities. Since propolis is a product obtained from plants, its chemical composition depends on the local plant flora and the geographical and climatic characteristics of the region where the sample is collected. Therefore, different propolis samples can differ completely in terms of their chemistry and biological activities. Propolis extracts obtained by using different solvents have different contents. For this reason, the content of antioxidants varies, which causes differences in phenolic and flavonoid amounts. In the study, it was aimed to determine the efficacy of different propolis extracts produced as a result of beekeeping activities in Düzce province by comparing the chemical content. Material-Method: The extracts of propolis collected from Düzce province were prepared using ethanol, water and PEG400-water solvents. In the study carried out, the volatile components of three different extracts of propolis samples obtained from hives belonging to Yığılca Region were examined with LC-MS/MS, GC-MS UV. The determination of the total phenolic component (TPC) level was carried out with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the total flavonoid content (TFC) level with the AlCl3 based method. Results: Major volatile constituents of Ethanolic extract; Diphenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole (86.11%) and Benzenepropanoic acid ethyl ester (6.3%), Major volatile components of PEG400-water (50%-50%) extract; 4-vinyl-2-methoxy-phenol (40.40%), Benzyl benzoate (17.16%), Methyl benzyl ketone (16.87%) ve Ethyl 3-methylnaphtho[1,2-c]pyrrole-1carboxylate (14.32%), major volatile components of water extract; Benzyl Alcohol (79.91%) ve 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol (8.86%). The highest TPC level was in ethanolic extract with 23,192.45 ± 396.54 mgGAE/100 g. Similarly, the highest TFC was found in ethanolic extract (7,190.12 ± 203.85 mgQE/100g). The water extract had the lowest levels at both TPC and TFC levels. Conclusion: A It has been concluded that the highest phenolic content of propolis, which has recently begun to find an important area of use in the food and health sector, is obtained by ethanol extraction. When evaluated in terms of the obtained results from all methods, it is listed as Etanolic extract> PEG400> water extract. Further studies should be done using different solvents in order to extract as much of the components from propolis as possible.