A Case Study of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of E.COLI Isolated from Drinking Water Samples of Noida, Delhi (original) (raw)
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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a causative agents of diarrhea. Humans and non humans can acquire infections primarily through consumption of contaminated water. In India, ETEC has been concerned as a foremost cause of diarrhea. The pathogen harbors LT1 signature gene responsible for its virulence. The prevalence of drug resistance ETEC in water is of great concern. The present paper aims to isolate and characterize drug resistant virulent isolates of ETEC in potable water collected from different locations (n=6) of urban settings in Gwalior city. Further the samples were characterized using conventional culture methods and molecular methods. All identified ETEC isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Our study indicates the existence of pathogenic drug-resistant isolates in potable water of Gwalior. Site 1 exhibited maximum intermediate isolates for antibiotics which is alarming and of great concern where as site 4 exhibited maximum resistance isolates of ETEC. This study may help in risk assessment posed by the infections due to persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in potable waters. Keywords: Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Diarrhea, Drug resistance bacteria, Potable water, Virulence determinants.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015
We evaluated the antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli (n=300) isolated from selected rivers in Osun State, Nigeria. The identities of the E. coli isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Susceptibility of the isolates to 20 antibiotics conventionally used in clinical cases was assessed in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and gatilofloxacin. The isolates were variously susceptible to the other antibiotics as follows: ciprofloxacin (96 %), kanamycin (95 %), neomycin (92 %), streptomycin (84 %), chloramphenicol (73 %), nalidixic acid (66 %), nitrofurantoin (64 %), gentamycin (63 %), doxycycline (58 %), cefepime (57 %), tetracycline (49 %) and cephalothin (42 %). The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 for all the sampling locations and exceeded the threshold value of 0.2, suggesting the origin of the isolates to be of high antimicrobial usage. Our findings signify an increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli towards conventionally used antibiotics necessitating proper surveillance programmes towards the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance determinants in water bodies.
Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Lake Nainital, Uttarakhand State, India
Journal of Mountain Research, 2021
Researchers have encountered new challenges with the discovery of multiple drug resistance in microbes. Currently, multidrug resistant bacteria are considered a major public health concern and an emerging global epidemic. Presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as a faecal pollution measure. In this study E. coli isolates were collected from 20 sample collection sites at Lake Nainital. 20 E. coli isolates, 1 from each sample collection sites, were examined for their antibiotic response patterns against a panel of widely used 15 antibiotics. The result of this study showed 100% resistance to Penicillin G followed by Erythromycin (80%). All isolates (100%) were found susceptible for Gentamycin. The susceptibilities for Chloramphenicol and Co-trimoxazaole were found next to Gentamycin as 90 and 85% respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was also determined. 0.73 MAR index was observed as highest in 1 isolate. 13 out of 20 isolates had more than 0.2 MAR indices. ...
2019
Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Bacteria is a serious public health issue. Various factors contribute to the spread of antibiotic –resistance micro organisms in the environment. This study was aimed for detection of multi drug resistance Escherichia Coli in drinking water samples from 3.5 and 11 districts of Kabul city. This study was done in Descriptive Cross Sectional method during January upon December of 2019.Water sample is taken in Simple Random Sampling. The population size of drinking water sampling is N=378 and by using of Epi – info programme, the water sample is selected and so, the sample size of water sample is 378 samples, therefore 126 water sample from house hold ,126 samples from supplies and 126 samples from collection tankers of 3,5 and 11 districts of Kabul city{Tables 1,2 ,3}. 126 Samples of drinking water from districts 3,5 and 11 of Kabul city were collected in a sterile bottle from various parts of each district of Kabul city bringing into Microbiology De...
The objectives of this study were to assess the bacteriological quality of tap water samples obtained from different markets of different upazillas of Mymensingh, Sherpur & Gazipur district. For achieving the above mentioned objectives, methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. Moreover, isolated E. coli from tap water samples were characterized by using biochemical test, molecular method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. HPC was highest in market tap water collected from Kaligonj and TCC was highest in market tap water of collected from Mymensingh sadar. The geometric mean of HPC of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur districts water was 8.4x105 , 2.5 x106 and 6.8 x105 C.F.U/100 ml. Out of 20 isolates of E. coli, 20 isolates were amplified by using 16S rRNA gene based PCR. In respect to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, most of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin, ampicilin, tetracycline, streptomycin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, a few E. coli isolates were intermediate resistant to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. However, a few of the E. coli isolates were resistant to erythromycin and amoxycilin. Moreover, out of 20 E. coli isolates 3 (15%) isolates were detected as multidrug resistant. This study indicated the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates in tap water in Mymensingh, Sherpur and Gazipur districts that warrants particular attention.
Escherichia coli is an emerging pathogen of the greatest concern as it is the leading cause of various severe infections of stomach, urinary tract, ear, wound etc. in humans. Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli is another furthermost fret worldwide. This problem is more traumatic when water bodies are getting contaminated with faecal pollution and inappropriate use of antibiotics that led to emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of this normal microbiota of human intestine. The current study dealt with the isolation of around twenty Escherichia coli strains from water samples collected from different prominent hilly locations of Uttarakhand region of India. These bacteria were evaluated for their resistance and susceptibility patterns against seven commonly prescribed clinically-significant antibiotics viz. Azithromycin, Cefixime, Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Gentamycin, Streptomycin and Tetracycline. E. coli strains were shown to have variable susceptibilities during the study. Doxycycline was found to be most inert antibiotic as it was not effective against any of E. coli isolates. Around 85% isolates were shown to be sensitive against Cefixime making this antibiotic more promising. More evident finding of the study was that none of antibiotic used in the study was 100% effective. Cefixime was found to be the most effective antimicrobials against E. coli isolates followed by Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin. Multiple antimicrobial resistances (MAR) index for all the isolates were calculated on the basis of resistance patterns. It has been observed that only 10% strains showed the MAR Index less than 0.1 while rest of 90% isolates were having MAR index between 0.2 to 0.9 showing the multi-drug resistance.
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2019
Although access to piped drinking water continues to increase globally, information on the prevalence and clonal composition of coliforms found in piped water systems in low-resource settings remains limited. From June to July 2016, we examined Escherichia coli isolates in domestic water from the distribution system in Alibag, a small town in India. We analyzed the isolates for drug resistance and genotyped them by multilocus sequence typing. Of 147 water samples, 51 contained coliforms, and 19 (37%) of the 51 were biochemically confirmed to contain E. coli. These samples contained 104 E. coli isolates-all resistant to ampicillin. Resistance to ceftazidime was observed in 52 (50%) isolates, cefotaxime in 59 (57%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in 46 (44%), ciprofloxacin in 30 (29%), and gentamicin in two (2%). Thirty-eight (36%) belonged to sequence types recognized as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC); 19 (50%) of these 38 ExPEC belonged to known uropathogenic E. coli lineages. This exploratory field research shows the extent to which "improved" drinking water is a potential source of E. coli strains capable of causing extraintestinal infections. The prevalence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents is a serious threat to global public health. Studies have shown that human activity is correlated with increased prevalence of genes conferring resistance to antimicrobial agents in the environment. 1 Specifically, this increase in resistance is correlated with the introduction of antimicrobial agents and bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents into the environment through activities known to occur in low-resource settings, such as wastewater dumping. 2 When piped drinking water contains agents such as NDM-1, a metallo-beta-lactamase, even the highest rung of the Joint Monitoring Program's "im-proved" water ladder is not safe. 3,4 The risks are potentially high in small towns of the global South, where water treatment and water quality data are both limited. As Escherichia coli is easily eliminated from drinking water, researchers use it as an indicator bacterium to determine whether water has recently been exposed to feces and whether it is safe for consumption. Its presence in more than 5% of drinking water samples indicates that the water treatment (if any) is inadequate to eliminate more harmful bacteria such as Campylobacter or Salmonella. 5 Detection of E. coli can also indicate either treatment inadequacy or posttreat-ment contamination. When considering an intermittent system , the possibility of posttreatment contamination is high. Few researchers have conducted in-depth microbiological studies of drinking water distribution systems; their focus has largely been on general bacterial community analysis or calculating the number of colony-forming units of E. coli. 6-8 The use of E. coli solely as a fecal indicator bacterium prevents researchers from understanding the public health impact of its antimicrobial drug resistance and its potential to be a human pathogen. A subgroup of E. coli causes diarrhea and is responsible for foodborne diseases in both high-income and low-income countries. 9 Another group of E. coli causes extraintestinal infections, referred to as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). It is the leading cause of Gram-negative bacter-emia and the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI), an infection primarily affecting women; both are potentially lethal if left untreated. 10,11 This exploratory study in a "typical" small town in India sought to determine what proportion of E. coli strains used as an indicator bacterium in field drinking water tests are drug-resistant, and are potential human pathogens. Alibag, Maharashtra, is a coastal tourist city with a population of 20,743. 12 Its piped drinking water system is intermittently supplied with water by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). The MIDC drinking water treatment plant sources drinking water from the Amba River and treats the raw water using liquid alum sul-fate, flash mixing, flocculation/settling, sand filtration, and chlorination with Cl 2 gas to 0.2 ppm. The treated water is then tested four times a day by an MIDC chemist for multiple contaminants. Water samples were collected from the water distribution system over an 8-week period from June to July 2016, which evenly captured the end of summer and the onset of the monsoon season. Samples were collected once a week from the treated water at the MIDC and from one of the three elevated storage reservoirs from which water is piped to households. Many households stored water in rooftop tanks connected to the distribution system to cope with its intermittent deliveries. Point-of-use samples were taken from households with in-home taps; for households collecting water from a public tap connected to the distribution system, points-of-collection samples were taken during their scheduled water allocations. Households were sampled such that the service area of the drinking water system was adequately covered. Water samples for quantification of bacteria were collected and processed with the compartment bag test (CBT) (Aqua-genx, Chapel Hill, NC), which uses a β-D-glucuronide E. coli indicator. 13 As per the CBT protocol, drinking water was collected in presterilized 100-mL pouches with a sodium thio-sulfate tablet to neutralize any residual chlorine-samples
PLoS ONE, 2013
Background: Unsafe water supplies continue to raise public health concerns, especially in urban areas in low resource countries. To understand the extent of public health risk attributed to supply water in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Escherichia coli isolated from tap water samples collected from different locations of the city were characterized for their antibiotic resistance, pathogenic properties and genetic diversity. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 233 E. coli isolates obtained from 175 tap water samples were analysed for susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics and for the presence of genes associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. Nearly 36% (n = 84) of the isolates were multi-drug($3 classes of antibiotics) resistant (MDR) and 26% (n = 22) of these were positive for extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL). Of the 22 ESBL-producers, 20 were positive for bla CTX-M-15 , 7 for bla OXA-1-group (all had bla OXA-47) and 2 for bla CMY-2. Quinolone resistance genes, qnrS and qnrB were detected in 6 and 2 isolates, respectively. Around 7% (n = 16) of the isolates carried virulence gene(s) characteristic of pathogenic E. coli; 11 of these contained lt and/or st and thus belonged to enterotoxigenic E. coli and 5 contained bfp and eae and thus belonged to enteropathogenic E. coli. All MDR isolates carried multiple plasmids (2 to 8) of varying sizes ranging from 1.2 to .120 MDa. Ampicillin and ceftriaxone resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 70 to 100 MDa in size, while ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 50 to 90 MDa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed diverse genetic fingerprints of pathogenic isolates. Significance: Multi-drug resistant E. coli are wide spread in public water supply in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Transmission of resistant bacteria and plasmids through supply water pose serious threats to public health in urban areas.
Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from rural and urban environments
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 1997
Lack of access to potable water has forced many inhabitants of informal settlements in South Africa to rely on surface water sources for their daily water needs, thus exposing these communities to microbial contamination that can result in water-borne diseases. These water sources also serve as natural habitats of pathogenic E. coli strains which harbour virulence factors, which could play a role in the disease process, as well as various multi-drug resistant water-borne pathogens. This study investigated the microbiological quality of two river waters in Durban, South Africa, using total coliform and faecal coliform population as indices. The virulence markers and antibiogram profiles of the E. coli isolates from these rivers were also determined. The results indicated that water from these river sources were of poor microbiological quality and unfit for human consumption. Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of the isolates revealed that 97.1% of the Palmiet River isolates and 71.15% of the Umgeni River isolates were multiresistant to the antibiotics tested, with all the isolates found to be resistant to novobiocin. Characterization of the virulence markers revealed the presence of stx1, cnf1 and eaeA genes, indicating the possible health risk associated with the ingestion of water from these rivers. The inherent health risks associated with the use of these river water emphasises the need for safe water supply and provision of proper sanitation facilities for the inhabitants of the informal settlements along these river banks.
Evaluation of Multi-Drug Resistant E. coli from Drinking Water Sources in a Tertiary Institution
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2020
Infectious diseases control of recent is a major health concern globally due to high increase in number of microorganisms that are resistant to conventional antimicrobial agents. This study aimed at ascertaining the microbiological quality and multiple antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli strains isolated from different sources of drinking water. A total of 136 water samples from different drinking water sources, including the storage tanks (the school and the commercial storage tank), sachet and bottle water were obtained from University of Nigeria Enugu Campus and analyzed. Standard microbiological techniques were employed for bacteria isolation, identification and antibiogram. From the water samples collected 25 E. coli strains were isolated. The school storage tanks account for 60% of the isolates, while bottled water showed no growth. 92% of the E. coli isolated showed resistance to the tested antibiotics. Resistant were higher with Augmentin (64%), Chloramphenicol (48%) an...