Perspective Applications and Associated Challenges of Using Nanocellulose in Treating Bone-Related Diseases (original) (raw)

Nanostructuring of Biomaterials—A Pathway to Bone Grafting Substitute

European Journal of Trauma, 2006

Background: The bone substitute NanoBone® consists of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite embedded in a highly porous matrix of silica gel. It promotes the healing of bone defects and is degraded by osteoclasts during bone remodeling. The present study investigates the interactions of NanoBone® with bone tissue. Methods: Granules of NanoBone® were implanted in defects of critical size in the mandible of minipigs. Samples were taken after 5 and 10 weeks and demineralized. The composition of the implanted granules was analyzed by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy and EDX. Enzymeand immunohistochemistry was used to investigate organic components of NanoBone® granules that arised after implantation in the host. Results: EDX demonstrated that 5 weeks after implantation the silica gel was degraded and replaced by an organic matrix. Ultrastructurally, the matrix appeared amorphous with only single collagen fibrillae. PAS-staining indicated the presence of carbohydrates. Immunohistochemically, the bone proteins osteopontin, osteocalcin and BMP-2 were found as constituents of the new matrix. Alkalic phosphatase activity was located in osteoblasts and newly formed bone on NanoBone® and focally in particles. Osteoclasts with ruffled borders, sealing zones, and acid phosphatase activity were situated in resorption lacunae at granule surfaces not covered by new bone.

Present status and future potential of enhancing bone healing using nanotechnology

Injury, 2007

1 An overview of the current state of tissue engineering material systems used in bone healing is presented. Avariety of fabrication processes have been developed that have resulted in porous implant substrates that can address unresolved clinical problems. The merits of these biomaterial systems are evaluated in the context of the mechanical properties and biomedical performances most suitable for bone healing. An optimal scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications should be biocompatible and act as a 3D template for in vitro and in vivo bone growth; in addition, its degradation products should be non-toxic and easily excreted by the body. To achieve these features, scaffolds must consist of an interconnected porous network of micro-and nanoscale to allow extensive body fluid transport through the pores, which will trigger bone ingrowth, cell migration, tissue ingrowth, and eventually vascularization.

Development of nanomaterials for bone repair and regeneration

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2013

Bone is a nanocomposite composed of organic (mainly collagen) and inorganic (nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite) components, with a hierarchical structure ranging from nano-to macroscale. Its functions include providing mechanical support and transmitting physio-chemical and mechanochemical cues. Clinical repair and reconstruction of bone defects has been conducted using autologous and allogeneic tissues and alloplastic materials, with functional limitations. The design and development of biomaterial scaffolds that will replace the form and function of native tissue while promoting regeneration without necrosis or scar formation is a challenging area of research. Nanomaterials and nanocomposites are promising platforms to recapitulate the organization of natural extracellular matrix for the fabrication of functional bone tissues because nanostructure provides a closer approximation to native bone architecture. Nanostructured scaffolds provide structural support for the cells and regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, which results in the formation of functional tissues. Unique properties of nanomaterials, such as increased wettability and surface area, lead to increased protein adsorption when compared with conventional biomaterials. Cell-scaffold interactions at the cell-material nanointerface may be mediated by integrin-triggered signaling pathways that affect cell behavior. The materials selection and processing techniques can affect the chemical, physical, mechanical, and cellular recognition properties of biomaterials. In this article, we focused on reviewing current fabrication techniques for nanomaterials and nanocomposites, their cell interaction properties and their application in bone tissue engineering and regeneration. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 387-397, 2013.

Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Nanomaterials

One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro-environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration metho...

Nanotechnology and Bone Healing

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 2010

Nanotechnology and its attendant techniques have yet to make a significant impact on the science of bone healing. However, the potential benefits are immediately obvious with the result that hundreds of researchers and firms are performing the basic research needed to mature this nascent, yet soon to be fruitful niche. Together with genomics and proteomics, and combined with tissue engineering, this is the new face of orthopaedic technology. The concepts that orthopaedic surgeons recognize are fabrication processes that have resulted in porous implant substrates as bone defect augmentation and medication-carrier devices. However, there are dozens of applications in orthopaedic traumatology and bone healing for nanometer-sized entities, structures, surfaces, and devices with characteristic lengths ranging from 10s of nanometers to a few micrometers. Examples include scaffolds, delivery mechanisms, controlled modification of surface topography and composition, and biomicroelectromechanical systems. We review the basic science, clinical implications, and early applications of the nanotechnology revolution and emphasize the rich possibilities that exist at the crossover region between micro- and nanotechnology for developing new treatments for bone healing.

Bone tissue engineering using a nanostructured bone substitute

2014

Abstract: New therapeutic strategies are required for critical size bone defects, because the gold standard of transplanting autologous bone from an unharmed area of the body often leads to several severe side effects and disadvantages for the patient. Read this original research and sign up to receive International Journal of Nanomedicine here: http://www.dovepress.com/articles.php?article\_id=19216

An update on the Application of Nanotechnology in Bone Tissue Engineering

The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 2016

Background: Natural bone is a complex and hierarchical structure. Bone possesses an extracellular matrix that has a precise nano-sized environment to encourage osteoblasts to lay down bone by directing them through physical and chemical cues. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the scaffolds to mimic the native bone structure. Nanomaterials, with features on the nanoscale have shown the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment to guide cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. Methods: This review summarises the new developments in bone tissue engineering using nanobiomaterials. The design and selection of fabrication methods and biomaterial types for bone tissue engineering will be reviewed. The interactions of cells with different nanostructured scaffolds will be discussed including nanocomposites, nanofibres and nanoparticles. Results: Several composite nanomaterials have been able to mimic the architecture of natural bone. Bioceramics biomaterials have shown to be very useful biomaterials for bone tissue engineering as they have osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Nanofibrous scaffolds have the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment as they can mimic the extracellular matrix structure of bone. Nanoparticles have been used to deliver bioactive molecules and label and track stem cells. Conclusion: Future studies to improve the application of nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering are needed.

Nanoscale Bioceramics In Bone Tissue Engineering- An Overview

This review presents a general view on application of nanomaterials in the field of animal production and medicine especially of nanoceramics in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Nanotechnology as an emerging field provides new and better tools and technologies to biology, chemistry, engineering, and medicine for various applications. It has been widely employed in poultry and animal production, food safety, as well as diagnosis and treatment of animal and human diseases. Nanomaterials including nanoscale bioceramics are used to diagnose and treat diseases in the field of nanomedicine. TERM is continually attempting to find a reliable and efficient method to regenerate and heal tissue defects and bone defects in particular. Due to appropriate surface features and superior biomechanical properties to biopolymers, nanoscale bioceramics have gained more attention in bone tissue engineering. These nanomaterials provide many advantages that are essential for bone ...

Perspectives on the role of nanotechnology in bone tissue engineering

Dental Materials, 2013

Bone Nanotechnology Bone scaffolds Composites Drug delivery Cell seeding a b s t r a c t Objective. This review surveys new developments in bone tissue engineering, specifically focusing on the promising role of nanotechnology and describes future avenues of research.