Two New Species ofMyersiohyla(Anura: Hylidae) from Cerro De La Neblina, Venezuela, with Comments on Other Species of the Genus (original) (raw)
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THE TADPOLES OF THE HYLID FROGS (ANURA: HYLIDAE: HYPSIBOAS AND OSTEOPILUS) OF HISPANIOLA
Hispaniolan hylid frogs are represented by four endemic species: Hypsiboas heilprini, Osteopilus dominicensis, O. pulchrilineatus and O. vastus. There are two tadpole ecomorphs represented in the hylid frogs of Hispaniola: lentic (O. dominicensis and O. pulchrilineatus) and lotic (H. heilprini and O. vastus). Tadpoles of the four species may be found sympatrically, but in different microhabitats. Hispaniolan hylid tadpoles reach a moderate size (up to 57 mm in total length is recorded in H. heilprini), and differ from those of Peltophryne, Rhinella, Leptodactylus and Lithobates (the other genera with free-living larvae present on the island), by having the oral discs not emarginated and, from the first three taxa, by a dextral vent opening. Oral deformities observed in most tadpoles of H. heilprini from Ébano Verde, Cordillera Central, were caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. An identification key is also provided. Título: Las larvas de las ranas hílidas (Anura: Hylidae: Hypsiboas y Osteopilus) de La Hispaniola. RESUMEN Las ranas hílidas de La Hispaniola están representadas por cuatro especies endémicas: Hypsiboas heilprini, Osteopilus dominicensis, O. pulchrilineatus y O. vastus. Existen dos ecomorfos larvales representados en estos hílidos: el léntico (O. dominicensis y O. pulchrilineatus) y el lótico (H. heilprini y O. vastus). Las larvas de estas cuatro especies pueden hallarse en simpatría, pero ocupando microhábitats diferentes. Los renacuajos hílidos de La Hispaniola alcanzan un tamaño moderado (hasta 57 mm de longitud total en H. heilprini). Se diferencian de las larvas de Peltophryne, Rhinella, Leptodactylus y Lithobates (los otros géneros con larvas en la isla) por tener el disco oral no emarginado y, de los primeros tres géneros, por la posición dextral de la abertura cloacal. Las deformidades orales observadas en la mayoría de las larvas de H. heilprini de Ébano Verde, Cordillera Central, se debieron a la presencia del hongo quitridiomiceto Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Se ofrece una clave para la identificación de las larvas.
A new genus of Cophomantini, with comments on the taxonomic status ofBoana liliae(Anura: Hylidae)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2018
The non-monophyly of both the genus Myersiohyla and the Boana punctata group has been recovered in a number of published phylogenetic analyses. In this paper we report on the analysis of sequences of Boana liliae, a species originally assigned to the B. punctata group, in a dataset of Cophomantini that recovered novel phylogenetic relationships for this hylid tribe. Our results reveal Myersiohyla to be paraphyletic with respect to B. liliae. Support for the placement of Myersiohyla kanaima is poor, but this taxon is recovered as the sister taxon of the other Cophomantini genera (excluding Myersiohyla) or as the sister taxon of the remaining species of Myersiohyla (including B. liliae). These results lead us to propose two taxonomic changes in order to remedy the paraphyly of Myersiohyla: (1) a new genus is described for M. kanaima, and (2) Boana liliae is transferred to Myersiohyla. We further provide notes on the natural history and vocalizations of the new monotypic genus, a new diagnosis of the former B. liliae in the context of Myersiohyla, and discuss the evolution of tadpole morphology and biogeography of the earlier diverging clades of Cophomantini.
In this work the tadpoles of the neotropical frogs Leptodactylus latinasus, Physalaemus biligonigerus and Physalaemus riograndensis are redescribed. Relevant features of L. latinasus tadpoles are a medial vent tube, labial tooth row formula (LTRF) 2(2)/3(1), and oral disc with a single row of marginal papillae interrupted by a dorsal gap, similarly to other species within the L. fuscus species group. Tadpoles of P. riograndensis have a medial vent tube, LTRF 2(2)/2(1), oral disc with single row of marginal papillae, interrupted by a dorsal gap and usually two ventrolateral gaps. The tadpole of P. biligonigerus has a dextral vent tube, the oral disc presents a single row of marginal papillae (sometimes double ventrally) with dorsal gap, and LTRF 2(2)/2(1). Although considered relevant for the taxonomy of Physalaemus, character variation of larval external morphology is incongruous with the phenetic species group arrangements proposed up to date. A reproductive mode previously unreported for P. riograndensis and P. henselii was observed: foam nests in the humid ground outside ponds. We also report the display of deimatic behavior in L. latinasus, L. ocellatus, P. henselii, and P. biligonigerus, in the last case with exhibition of the eye-like inguinal glands.
We report the presence of Hyalinobatrachium igniocolus in Venezuela. This discovery extends the species' known distribution from a single locality in western Guyana into southeastern Venezuela. We also describe its previously unknown advertisement call. We compare bioacoustics and key morphological characters of new material with previous descriptions of the similar H. crurifasciatum and H. eccentricum. Advertisement calls of the three species are similar, but being slightly longer in duration and higher in frequency in H. igniocolus. We also found that morphologically H. igniocolus can only be distinguished from H. crurifasciatum by the presence of a reddish or brown ring around the pupil and generally smaller size of adult males in the former; and from H. eccentricum by the presence of a light yellow pupillary ring in the latter. We therefore tentatively doubt that the three represent different species. However, we acknowledge the need of comparing type material and genetic sequences before suggesting any taxonomic changes.
The morphology of the larval oral disc, nostril, skin, and vent tube of tadpoles of Andean stream dwelling Hyloscirtus (Hylidae: Hylinae: Cophomantini) was studied. A wide variation of larval tooth row number is compiled from literature and from observations of Colombian specimens in museums. The marginal papillae are precursors of the tooth rows. The submarginal papillae are organized parallel to the anterior tooth rows and are precursors of the flaps or accessory tooth rows. There is no particular tooth row formula, and no particular marginal papillae arrangement for a species or a recognized species group in the genus. The number of tooth rows and of accessory tooth rows increase with development and size of the tadpole. Two species groups are identified inside Hyloscirtus based on the tooth row formulae, upper jaw sheath morphology, and shape of the nostril of tadpoles. The two groups identified here are different from the three species groups currently recognized for the genus and show well-delimited geographic distributions through the northern Andes. Nostril shape of one species group of Hyloscirtus recognized here is putatively present in all Cophomantini. Spots on the venter associated with neuromasts are present in all the tadpoles of Hyloscirtus studied, and presumably the same as the ones found in some Hypsiboas and Aplastodiscus (Hylidae: Hylinae: Cophomantini). A saccular structure associated with the vent tube covers developing hindlimbs of all tadpoles of Hyloscirtus, and is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy of the genus. Se estudió la morfología del disco oral, narinas, piel, y tubo cloacal en renacuajos andinos de quebrada Hyloscirtus (Hylidae: Hylinae: Cophomantini). Una amplia variació n del nú mero de hileras de dientes larvales se recopila y describe a partir de literatura y observaciones en ejemplares de museo colombianos. Las papilas marginales son precursoras de las hileras de dientes, y las papilas submarginales se organizan paralelas a las hileras de dientes anteriores y son precursoras de las hileras de dientes accesorias o flaps. Ninguna especie o grupo de especies reconocidas en el gé nero tiene una fó rmula dental larval o un arreglo de papilas marginales particular. El nú mero de hileras de dientes crece a medida que el renacuajo crece y se desarrolla. Se pueden identificar dos grupos de especies dentro de Hyloscirtus usando la fó rmula dental, la forma del pico anterior y la forma de las narinas de las larvas. Estos dos grupos son diferentes a los tres grupos de especies actualmente reconocidos dentro del gé nero y muestran una distribució n geográ fica bien delimitada en el norte de Los Andes. La forma de las narinas de uno de los grupos de especies acá reconocidos está putativamente presente en todos los Cophomantini. Unos puntos redondos en el vientre asociados a neuromastos está n presentes en todos los renacuajos de Hyloscirtus estudiados, y presuntamente son los mismos que se encuentran en especies de Hypsiboas y Aplastodiscus (Hylidae: Hylinae: Cophomantini). Una estructura en forma de bolsa cubre las patas traseras en desarrollo de todos los renacuajos de Hyloscirtus, y se propone como sinapomorfía morfoló gica del gé nero.
The species of the genus Hylodes Fitzinger live on banks of small rivers and streams which run on rough terrain in eastern Brazil (Silva & Benmaman 2008). Hylodes fredi Canedo and Pombal 2007 is a recently described species endemic to Ilha Grande (Canedo and Pombal, 2007), an island covered by Atlantic Rainforest in the south of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. In this study, we present the description of the tadpole of H. fredi. Tadpoles of Hylodes fredi were visually searched and sampled with a hand sieve in a stream in the southern portion of the state reserve Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande (23º11'27''S, 44º12'36''W). Fourteen tadpoles at stage 25 (Gosner 1960) and a tadpole at stage 42 (Gosner 1960) were collected in September 2009 (MNRJ 68308), fixed in 5% formalin and were deposited at Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). The tadpoles were identified based on one tadpole on stage 42 collected at the same stream of the others and in the fact that H. fredi is the only adult form of Hylodidae that we identified at the stream in three years of monthly visits. Measurements were taken under a stereomicroscope using a digital caliper (to the nearest 0.1 mm). Morphometric variables and terminology follow Altig and McDiarmid (1999). The developmental stages follow Gosner (1960), the dental formula and the measurements follow Altig (1970). Description of the tadpole: Measurements of the 14 tadpoles at stage 25 and one tadpole at stage 42 are presented in Table 1. The following description is based just on the 14 tadpoles at stage 25. Tadpoles had a maximum size of 75.3 mm. Body robust, elongated and elliptical in dorsal and in lateral view (Figure 1). Body length about 31.1 ± 1.4% of total length. In ventral view there was a depression anterior to the coiled intestine. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Nostrils elliptical and directed dorsolaterally. Distance between the snout and nostrils accounted for 13.2 ± 1.5% of body length. Dorsal-laterally eyes with eye diameter accounting for 6.9 ± 0.9% of body length. Interorbital distance about 5.9 ± 7.8% greater than the internarial distance. The distance between the eyes and nostrils accounted for 42.3 ± 5.3% of the distance between eyes and snout. Spiracle sinistral, short, situated at midbody and with inner wall free from body. Tail length accounts for 71.2 ± 1.9% of total length. Tail approximately the same height as the body. Tail end is relatively thin and sharp. The caudal musculature accounted for 57.1 ± 5.6% of the height of the tail. The dorsal fin represented 30.4 ± 5.3% and ventral fin represented 19.8 ± 3.6 % of the height of the tail. Caudal fins not arched with the dorsal fin starting after the start of the tail. Vent tube long and dexterous attached to the ventral fin. Oral disc: The oral disc is anterior-ventral, not emarginated, with its width accounted for 47.1% of body width. Marginal papillae bordering the entire oral disc interrupted on a large area on the anterior labium. Submarginal papillae present at the lateral-medium position. Labial tooth rows formula 2(2)/3(1). The labial teeth are small and all the chains have high numbers. Serrated jaws sheath, being the lower one V-shaped and the upper one ranging from the U-shaped and parenthesis. Tadpole Color: In life, body and caudal musculature ranging between gray and brown, shaded with brown blotches and caudal fins opaque. Ventrally, the body has the same color as dorsally, with a slight transparency which allows to recognize the intestine through the skin. In preservative, color pattern remains the same, but becomes slightly opaque. Habits and occurrence: The Hylodes fredi larvae are found in the backwaters of forest streams, at clear water, bedrock and in areas of shallow water (Rocha et al. 2009), where adult males were observed in calling activity during almost throughout the year. Tadpoles occur in the shallow rivulets during all months of the year, at different body sizes and weights, indicating a possible slow development of the larvae, continuous recruitment and an extensive reproduction of adults. TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. TABLE 1. Morphological body measurements (in mm) of the tadpoles of Hylodes fredi (mean ± standard deviation, min –max). Ecological considerations: Most of H. fredi tadpoles, when visually found, displayed escape behavior and searched for refuge among the submerged rocks and/or deeper areas of the backwaters. The relatively large size of H. fredi tadpoles may reduce the pressure of predation by aquatic sympatric predators. The main morphological characteristic that distinguishes Hylodes fredi from other known tadpoles in the genus is the dorsal fin originating area. Other Hylodes tadpoles have dorsal fin originating at the tail-body junction, whereas H. fredi have the dorsal fin originating after the start of the tail.
In the present paper Hyla ornatissima Noble is removed from the synonymy of Hyla granosa Boulenger, and resurrected as a separate species on the basis of morphological, ecological and acoustical differences. Another relative of this group occurring in Guiana is Hyla sibleszi Rivero. Because of its superficial resemblance with these frogs Hyla punctata (Schneider), of another species-group, is also treated. All four species are extensively described, data on life history and distribution are given. H. sibleszi, so far only known from the type material and some associated specimens, is reported from several new localities in Venezuela and Guyana. It is suggested that the function of the intricate dorsal pattern of H. ornatissima serves to protect the animal from predation, camouflaging it on the leaves of the trees where the animals live. A key to discern the four species is presented.