Kinematic Analysis of Middle-Distance Runners During Treadmill Running and Deep Water Running (original) (raw)
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The purpose of this study was to compare angular kinematic parameters (angular velocity and range of motion) of lower limb among subjective effort intensities, through phase portrait analysis, during treadmill running. Seven male middle-distance runners of national level were requested to run in intensities of regenerative effort, long aerobic, 5/10km, 400/800m and 100/200m. Three complete running steps were recorded. Two-dimensional analysis methods were employed to analyse the lower limb movement. The results revealed that the shank and thigh angular range of motion and angular velocity increased with effort, except for in the 100/200m intensity, where the values of range of motion were not different from the 400/800m intensity. Phase portraits analysis is an interesting tool for the evaluation of the running technique.
Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1994
The purposes of this study in the recreational runner were to describe and compare lower extremity sag ittal range of motion and vertical body displacement for slow and fast paces during treadmill and over ground running, and to compare timing of the running phases at the two paces. Vertical displacement of the body, and flexion and extension of the hip, knee, and ankle were measured with a motion analysis system at 200 hertz as the subjects self-selected the two paces. No statistically significant differences were seen when comparing sagittal motion on a treadmill with overground running. Statistically more vertical displacement during overground running was re corded when compared with treadmill running. Peak vertical force was near midstance when the ankle, knee, and hip approached maximum flexion. Results demonstrated that during a slow pace the approxi mate arcs of motion were: ankle, 50°; knee, 95°; and hip, 40°. During running at a fast pace, the hip re quired more extension ...
Kinesiological Analysis of Stationary Running Performed in Aquatic and Dry Land Environments
Journal of human kinetics, 2015
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the electromyographic (EMG) signals of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and short head of the biceps femoris (BF) during the performance of stationary running at different intensities in aquatic and dry land environments. The sample consisted of 12 female volunteers who performed the stationary running exercise in aquatic and dry land environments at a submaximal cadence (80 beats·min(-1) controlled by a metronome) and at maximal velocity, with EMG signal measurements from the RF, VL, ST and BF muscles. The results showed a distinct pattern between environments for each muscle examined. For the submaximal cadence of 80 beats·min(-1), there was a reduced magnitude of the EMG signal in the aquatic environment, except for the ST muscle, the pattern of which was similar in both environments. In contrast to the submaximal cadence, the pattern of the EMG signal from all of the muscles showed similar magnitu...
Three-dimensional kinematic comparison of treadmill and overground running
Sports Biomechanics, 2013
Studies investigating the mechanics of human movement are often conducted using the treadmill. The treadmill is an attractive device for the analysis of human locomotion. Studies comparing overground and treadmill running have analyzed discrete variables, however differences in excursion from footstrike to peak angle and range of motion during stance have yet to be examined. This study aimed to examine the 3-D kinematics of the lower extremities during overground and treadmill locomotion to determine the extent to which the two modalities differ. Twelve participants ran at 4.0m/s in both treadmill and overground conditions. 3-D angular kinematic parameters during the stance phase were collected using an eight camera motion analysis system. Hip, knee and ankle joint kinematics were quantified in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes, then compared using paired t-tests. Of the parameters analyzed hip flexion at footstrike 12° hip range of motion 17°, peak hip flexion 12.7°, hip transverse plane range of motion 8° peak knee flexion 5° and peak ankle excursion range 6.6°, coronal plane ankle angle at toe-off 6.5° and peak ankle eversion 6.3° were found to be significantly different. These results lead to the conclusion that the mechanics of treadmill locomotion cannot be generalized to overground.
A Kinematics and Kinetic Comparison of Overground and Treadmill Running
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2008
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic and kinetic parameters of treadmill running to those of overground running. Methods: Twenty healthy young subjects ran overground at their self-selected moderate running speed. Motion capture and ground reaction force (GRF) data for three strides of each limb were recorded and the subjects_ average running speed was evaluated. The subjects then ran on an instrumented treadmill set to their average overground running speed while motion capture and GRF data were recorded. The kinematics (body segment orientations and joint angles) and kinetics (net joint moments and joint powers) for treadmill (15 consecutive gait cycles) and overground running (three cycles each limb) were calculated and compared. Results: The features of the kinematic and kinetic trajectories of treadmill gait were similar to those of overground gait. Statistically significant differences in knee kinematics, the peak values of GRF, joint moment, and joint power trajectories were identified. Discussion: Parameters measured with an adequate instrumented treadmill are comparable to but not directly equivalent to those measured for overground running. With such an instrument, it is possible to study the mechanics of running under well-controlled and reproducible conditions. Significance: Treadmill-based analysis of running mechanics can be generalized to overground running mechanics, provided the treadmill surface is sufficiently stiff and belt speed is adequately regulated.
3-D kinematic comparison of treadmill and overground running
Sports Biomechanics
Studies investigating the mechanics of human movement are often conducted using the treadmill. The treadmill is an attractive device for the analysis of human locomotion. Studies comparing overground and treadmill running have analyzed discrete variables, however differences in excursion from footstrike to peak angle and range of motion during stance have yet to be examined. This study aimed to examine the 3-D kinematics of the lower extremities during overground and treadmill locomotion to determine the extent to which the two modalities differ. Twelve participants ran at 4.0m/s in both treadmill and overground conditions. 3-D angular kinematic parameters during the stance phase were collected using an eight camera motion analysis system. Hip, knee and ankle joint kinematics were quantified in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes, then compared using paired t-tests. Of the parameters analyzed hip flexion at footstrike 12° hip range of motion 17°, peak hip flexion 12.7°, hip ...
Symmetry and Reproducibility of Kinematic Parameters during Various Running Techniques
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2003
Purpose: This study examined the validity of the assumption of lower-extremity kinematic parameter reproducibility and symmetry during running with different velocities and stride frequencies. Methods: Each of 12 female long-distance runners ran on a treadmill in combinations of three different velocities (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 m·s Ϫ1 ) and three different stride frequencies (preferred and Ϯ 10% from preferred). The left and right sides of the athletes were filmed using video cameras placed orthogonally to the sagittal plane. A total number of three step cycles for each running condition were recorded (250 Hz). For each side of the body, 19 sagittal kinematic parameters from the lower extremity were evaluated. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for both legs were high (generally Ͼ 0.80). Only the angular velocity parameters demonstrated correlation values below 0.70. The symmetry index for the linear and angular displacement parameters and the contact times during all running techniques were less than 8%, whereas those for the angular velocity parameters and flight times were higher than 15%. Conclusion: The present results suggested that the degree of reproducibility and symmetry of kinematic data do not vary with a deliberate change in running technique but rather depend on the parameter itself. With respect to the economy of data analysis, the present findings indicate that recording a single monolateral trial would provide reproducible and symmetric values for most kinematic parameters.
Journal of Human Kinetics
Aquatic treadmill running is a partial weight-bearing exercise for rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface electromyography activities of the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and medial head of gastrocnemius, and gait kinematics during aquatic treadmill running in water levels at waist, mid-thigh and mid-shin and on land. Seventeen healthy subjects (9 males and 8 females) were recruited by convenience sampling. Participants performed 2-min aquatic treadmill running at a specific speed for each water depth. The test speed was selected based upon the speed that elicited 110 steps per min. The surface electromyography data of lower limb muscles and the joint angles at three different water depths and on land were collected to evaluate the muscle activity and gait kinematics using a waterproofed surface electromyography system and inertial measurement unit for each muscle. Results showed that rectus femoris electromyography was different...
To examine the differences in rearfoot kinematics during treadmill and overground running
2004
This study examined the differences between the kinematics of rearfoot motion in overground (OG) and treadmill (TM) running. Two subjects ran at various speeds under both conditions and a three-dimensional analysis was performed using the Peak Motus Analysis system. TM running produced repeatable and consistent measures of rearfoot motion across all speeds however OG running was more variable. While there are some differences between the two modes, this can be explained by TM mechanics and TM testing cannot be dismissed based on this. Speed was found to influence most variables making speed control critical in obtaining reliable measures of rearfoot motion. The TM easily and accurately provides this, which advocates its use in locomotion studies. It was concluded that speed control is more important than the mode of running.