EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY Research Article Investigation and Season's Comparison of Pesticides Residues in Vegetables in Khartoum State Markets Using QuEChERS Method and GC/MS Techniques (original) (raw)
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Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables produced in central and eastern Ethiopia
Frontiers in sustainable food systems, 2023
Background: In Ethiopia, pesticides are widely used in vegetable production. However, if used incorrectly they may harm consumers of vegetables contaminated with pesticide residues, as well as producers handling the pesticides and lead to ecological damage. We performed a cross-sectional survey to assess pesticide residues in vegetables produced in central and eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 232 vegetable samples (91 tomatoes, 106 cabbages and 35 Swiss chard) were collected from fields and retail markets, and were screened for 35 pesticides (16 organochlorine, 11 organophosphate, 3 pyrethroids, 2 carbamates and 3 other agrochemicals) using GC-MS analysis. Results: Pesticides residues were detected in 60% of Swiss chard, 47% of cabbage and 45% of tomato samples. Two or more pesticides were detected in 20% of cabbages, 13% of tomatoes and over half of Swiss chard samples. Bendiocarb, diazinon, endrin, piperonyl butoxide, profenofos and propargite were detected, but only diazinon, propargite and profenofos had residual values above EU Maximum Residue Level (MRL), with diazinon commonly detected at relatively high levels. About 15% of the total analyzed samples, 10% of cabbages and tomatoes, and nearly half of Swiss chard samples had pesticide concentration exceeding EU MRL. However, none of the tested samples had residues exceeding Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) MRLs. Conclusion: This study showed widespread contamination of vegetables with pesticides, mainly organophosphates. We recommend monitoring and regulation of pesticides usage, with promotion of good agricultural practices.
Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables marketed in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2010
A total of 23 pesticides from different chemical groups in 160 different domestic vegetables collected from four major big supermarkets located in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, were identified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Residues were found in 89 of the 160 samples and 53 samples were above the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The most frequently found pesticides were carbaryl followed by biphenyl and then carbofuran. Cabbage was the most positive and violated MLRs (16 and 11 samples), followed by carrot and green pepper (12 and 7 samples), cucumber (12 and 6 samples), egg-plant (12 and 5 samples), squash (11 and 7 samples), lettuce (11 and 6 samples) and tomato (11 and 4 samples). The highest concentrations were found in lettuce (ethiofencarb, 7.648), followed by tomato (tolclofos-methyl, 7.312 mg/kg), cabbage (chlropyrifos, 6.207 mg/kg), carrot (heptanophos, 3.267 mg/kg), green pepper (carbaryl, 2.228 mg/kg) and egg-plant (carbaryl, 1.917 mg/ kg). These findings pointed to the following recommendation: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated under greenhouse conditions at the national level to protect consumers' health.
Determination of pesticide residues and risk assessment in some vegetables grown in Tokat province
Bitki Koruma Bülteni
This study was carried out to determine the pesticide residue levels and health risk assessments in tomato, pepper, and cucumber grown in Tokat province of Turkey. A residue analytical method was verified to determine 260 pesticides by using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Pesticide solutions at 10 and 50 µg kg¹ doses were fortified with the pesticide-free cucumber matrix for verification of the method. The linearities (R2), the limit of detection (LODs), the limit of quantification (LOQs), and mean recovery values of the pesticides ranged between 0.990-0.999, 0.71-2.96 μg kg¹, 2.36-9.86 μg kg¹ and 77.25-117.61%, respectively. Pesticide residue levels of 28 vegetable samples collected from Tokat province were determined using the verified method. Seventeen different pesticides were detected in 16 samples, and pesticide concentrations in 3 samples were higher than the allowable limits of the European Union Maximum Residue Limits (EU-MRL). The pyridaben...
Effect on Human Health by Residues of Commonly Used Pesticides in Vegetables Cultivation
AIUB JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 2020
People in Bangladesh are over scared for toxicityof vegetables & fruits, because the educational level of the farmers is not up to the mark. Farmers apply pesticides randomly on agricultural fields without maintaining pre-harvest intervals and dose. The aim of this work was to study dissipation pattern of some pesticides in some vegetables kept at room temperature which represent market condition and to identify and quantify pesticides applied on some vegetables. By interviewing the farmers, three commonly used pesticides; cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and fenvalerate were sprayed in the farmer’s fields of the western part of Bangladesh. Samples were extracted by QuEChERS method, cleaned-up by adsorption chromatography technique, and analyzed by GC-ECD technique. Recoveries were found to be between 87-107% with RSD lower than 10% at three spiking levels. Matrix matched calibration curves were linear for all the analytes with r2≥ 0.99. LODs were found to be 0.01 mg/kg for cypermethrin and 0.002 mg/kg for both of fenvalerate and chlorpyrifos. The samples of the same cultivar’s variety were purchased from the markets of Savar, Mymensingh and Cumilla. Our finding showed only the presence of cypermethrin in tomato but the values were below MRL and no pesticide residue was found in eggplant.
Journal of Environmental Management, 2020
This review intends to integrate the relevant information that is related to pesticide applications in food commodities and will cover three main sections. The first section encompasses some of the guidelines that have been implemented on management of pesticide application worldwide, such as the establishment of a value called Maximum Residue Level (MRL) through the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) into daily agricultural activities. A brief overview of the methods adopted in quantification of these trace residues in different food samples will also be covered. Briefly, pesticide analysis is usually performed in two stages: sample preparation and analytical instrumentation. Some of the preparation methods such as QuEChERs still remain as the technique of choice for most of the analytical scientists. In terms of the instrumentation such as the gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and high performance-liquid chromatography (HPLC), these are still widely used, in spite of new inventions that are more sustainable and efficient such as the capillary electrophoresis (CE). Finally, the third section emphasizes on how pesticides can affect our health significantly whereby different types of pesticides result in different adverse health implications, despite its application benefits in agriculture in controlling pests. To date, there are limited reviews on pesticide usage in many agricultural-based nations; for the purpose of this review, Malaysia is selected to better illustrate pesticide regulations and implementation of policies. Finally, the review aims to provide an insight on how implementation of GAP and food safety assurance are interrelated and with this established correlation, to identify further measures for improvement to enable reinforcement of optimised agricultural practices specifically in these countries.
Agronomy
Human health risks as a result of consuming pesticide residues in fresh vegetables have drawn serious attention to the scientific community, particularly in developing countries. This study analyzed country bean (Lablab purpureus L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) for widely used neonicotinoid, synthetic pyrethroid, and dithiocarbamate pesticide residues in order to ensure food safety. The analyzed vegetables contained residues of acetamiprid and cypermethrin in 17% of bean and 13% of eggplant samples, respectively; among them, 3% of bean and 1% of eggplant samples had residues of acetamiprid that were above the maximum residue limits set by the European Union (EU-MRLs). None of the samples for either of the analyzed vegetables contained the residue of thiram and lambda-cyhalothrin. In contrast, 83% of bean and 87% of eggplant samples had no detectable pesticides. Thus, the findings were surprising considering the repeated and overuse of pesticides in vegetables in the investig...
Determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Konya city
2014
Human nutrition on the world was affected with increasing population and environment pollution. It is continuously rising with irrigation, better cultivation of lands, seed improvement, and fertilization. However, a significant amount of yield is destroyed by harmful plants, animals, and microorganisms both before and after the harvest. Among the genetic, biotechnical, mechanic and chemical methods used to protect agricultural products from illnesses and pests not only in-production but also in storing, transporting, processing, marketing and consumption, the chemical methods are the most efficient ones. These chemicals which mix with surface and ground waters accumulate in the bodies of water organisms and go into the food chain of human beings. Konya is named as granary for Turkey with the biggest land side for agriculture. The biggest land mean is the largest amount of pesticide usage. It is really necessary to know the pesticide residue in nutrition. In this study, it has been i...
Assessment of Pesticide Residues on Selected Vegetables of Pakistan
2011
The present study was conducted to determine the pesticide residues on selected summer vegetables. Five vegetables were grown with three replicates in a split plot randomized complete block design. Pesticides were sprayed on vegetables thrice at regular intervals each after 15 days. At maturity the pesticides residues were extracted from edible and leaf portions using anhydrous sodium sulfate and ethyl acetate while adsorption chromatography technique was used for cleanup. The extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and analysis of the compounds. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the pesticides residues on edible portions whereas highly significant differences (p<0.001) were observed for the leafy portions. The residual level of cypermethrin was highest (16.2 mgkg-1) in edible portion of bitter gourd, while Lambdacyhalothrin and Mancozeb residues were detected high (4.50 mgkg-1 , 6.26 mgkg-1) in edible portion of bitter gourd and Cucumber respectively. Cypermethrin residues were high (1.86 mgkg-1) in Okra leaves. Mancozeb and Lambdacyhalothrin residual level was high (1.23mgkg-1 , and 0.0002 mgkg-1) in chili and tomato leaves. Cypermethrin residues were readily detected in edible and leaf portion of the selected vegetables.
Pesticide Residues in Market Samples of Vegetables
International Journal on Agricultural Sciences, 2020
The presence of pesticide residues in food commodities has always been a matter of serious concern. Farmers apply pesticides repeatedly to ward off the pest and pick the vegetables at short intervals. The samples of vegetables were collected from market in three blocks of Samastipur district purposively as per multistage random sampling design to monitor the residues in market vegetables. GC-MS analysis was applied for evaluation of pesticide residues in the sample. The data obtained so far showed that out of 50 samples of vegetable analyzed 24 (48%) were contaminated with different pesticides and 3 samples (6%) samples contained residues above MRL. The overall pesticide occurrence was in the order as Endosulphan > Quinalphos > Dimethoate > Chlorpyriphos > α-HCH > δ-HCH > β-HCH. Pesticide contamination was higher in cabbage than cauliflower.