Synthesis and characterization of calcium methoxide as heterogeneous catalyst for trimethylolpropane esters conversion reaction (original) (raw)
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Synthesis of Calcium Methoxide for TMPE (Published,2012,ACAG)
Trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters are potential biodegradable basestock for biolubricant. In order to attain environmental benignity, attention has been focused on utilizing heterogeneous catalysts for production of TMP esters. Alkaline homogeneous catalysts tend to react with free fatty acids to produce unwanted soap, thus reducing the overall product yield. This study had focused on the synthesis of calcium methoxide and investigating its potential as heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of TMP and palm oil methyl esters (POME) to TMP esters. The performance of synthesized calcium methoxide as a catalyst was examined by characterizing it through some instrumental techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed calcium methoxide has been successfully synthesized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed thermally resistant surface structure with good porosity; BET showed high surface area; particle size analysis evidenced reasonable size of catalyst particles; and thermogravimetry (TGA) revealed good thermal stability of synthesized calcium methoxide. Moreover, the catalyst was found to possess mesoporous surface by pore size analysis through Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. The results of transesterification reaction indicated satisfactory catalytic activity of synthesized calcium methoxide and the TMP triesters yield obtained was 80.35% after 2 h, 87.48% after 4 h, 91.30% after 6 h and 92.38% after 8 h reaction time.
Transesterification of palm oil to methyl ester on activated carbon supported calcium oxide catalyst
Bioresource Technology
In this study, methyl ester (ME) was produced by transesterification of palm oil (CPO) (cooking grade) using activated carbon supported calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst (CaO/AC). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the effect of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and catalyst amount on the transesterification process. The optimum condition for CPO transesterification to methyl ester was obtained at 5.5 wt.% catalyst amount, 190°C temperature, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 1 h 21 min reaction time. At the optimum condition, the ME content was 80.98%, which is well within the predicted value of the model. Catalyst regeneration studies indicate that the catalyst performance is sustained after two cycles.
Chemical Papers, 2012
In this work, the performance of three heterogeneous catalysts, namely potassium hydroxide/γ-alumina, bulk calcium oxide, and nano-calcium oxide, in comparison with the homogeneous potassium hydroxide was studied in the transesterification of palm oil to produce methyl esters and glycerol. The physical and chemical properties of the heterogeneous catalysts were thoroughly characterised and determined using a number of analytical methods to assess their catalytic activities prior to transesterification. The reaction products were analysed using liquid chromatography and their properties were quantified based on the American Society of Testing and Materials and United State Pharmacopoeia standard methods. At the 65°C reaction temperature, the oil-to-methanol mole ratio of 1: 15, 2.5 h of the reaction time, and catalyst (φ r = 1: 40), potassium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide/γ-alumina, nano-calcium oxide, and bulk calcium oxide gave methyl ester yields of 97 %, 96 %, 94 %, and 90 %, re...
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 2012
High oleic palm oil based trimethylolpropane triesters (TMPTE) are potential biodegradable base stocks for lubricant production. Calcium methoxide was used as a catalyst for the synthesis of TMPTE through chemical transesterification of high oleic palm oil methyl esters (POME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The effects of the main operating variables, i.e., temperature, pressure, molar ratio of TMP to POME, and the catalyst amount, on the yield of TMPTE were appraised. The amount of soap produced under these conditions was examined. The optimum conditions for the reaction were the reaction temperature set at 170°C, molar ratio of TMP:POME set at 1:6, pressure of the system maintained at 50 mbar, and mass ratio of calcium methoxide set at 0.3% per weight of reaction mixture. Trimethylolpropane esters containing 98% w/w triesters were successfully synthesized under these conditions within 8 h reaction time. Saponification occurred under these conditions; however, the soap formation was less than that produced when homogeneous catalyst was used.
2010
Dalam penyelidikan ini, metil ester (ME) telah dihasilkan daripada minyak masak kelapa sawit yang baru (VPO) dan sisa (WPO) dengan menggunakan sejenis pemangkin yang baru dijana iaitu kalsium oksida disokong oleh karbon teraktif (CaO/AC) sebagai pemangkin heterogen. In this present study, methyl ester (ME) was produced by transesterification of virgin cooking palm oil (VPO) and waste cooking palm oil (WPO) using newly developed calcium oxide catalyst supported on activated carbon (CaO/AC) as a heterogeneous catalyst
CaO-rich catalyst obtained from palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) has promising potential for biodiesel production. Sunflower oil methanolysis catalyzed by PKSB-based catalyst is optimized. Optimum reaction conditions ensure the best FAME content of 99%. Reaction rate law is changing-and first-order with respect to TAG and FAME. PKSB catalyst can be reused without any treatment in three consecutive cycles. a b s t r a c t Sunflower oil methanolysis over CaO-based palm kernel shell biochar (PKSB) catalyst was assessed by coupling full factorial design with modeling, optimization and kinetic studies. According to the analysis of variance, the effect of reaction temperature and methanol-to-oil molar ratio on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesis is significant, while the effect of catalyst loading is statistically negligible. The optimum reaction conditions are found to be catalyst loading of 3 wt%, temperature of 65 °C and methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, ensuring the best FAME content of 99%. The kinetic model of the methanolysis of sunflower oil, catalyzed by PKSB-based catalyst, combines the changing-and first-order reaction rate laws with respect to triacylglycerols and FAMEs, respectively. The high activation energy (108.8 kJ/mol) indicates the temperature sensitivity of the reaction. The CaO-based PKSB catalyst can be reused without any treatment in three consecutive cycles with no significant drop in activity. Since the calcium content in the biodiesel product is higher than the standard limit, the overall process should include a purification stage.
Transesterification of palm kernel oil using calcium oxide as catalyst
International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 2021
The study focused on using locally produced palm kernel oil, palm ethanol and CaO catalyst from guinea fowl eggshells for biodiesel production. The physicochemical properties such as density (0.8936±0.00008165 g/ml), viscosity (83.32±0.193cP/P), refractive index (1.4540±0.00036), pH (5.89±0.084 mol/L H +), acid value (13.9±0.3 mgKOH/g), saponification value (283.305±23.24 mgKOH/g) and iodine value (20.7±5.77 mgI 2 /g) of the crude oil was determined. The transesterification process was carried out by optimizing reaction conditions using the One-Factor (OFAC) at a time method. The biodiesel produced from optimum conditions had density (0.877±0.001g/ml), iodine value (13.97±1.037 mgI 2 /g) and cetane index (76.215±0.531). The results also gave a kinematic viscosity (7.87±0.531 mm²/s), pour point (8.667±0.943°C), acid value (0.92±0.145 mgKOH/g) and saponification value (161.75±11.017 mgKOH/g).
Fuel, 2008
In order to study solid base catalyst for biodiesel production with environmental benignity, transesterification of edible soybean oil with refluxing methanol was carried out in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO), -hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), or -carbonate (CaCO 3 ). At 1 h of reaction time, yield of FAME was 93% for CaO, 12% for Ca(OH) 2 , and 0% for CaCO 3 . Under the same reacting condition, sodium hydroxide with the homogeneous catalysis brought about the complete conversion into FAME. Also, CaO was used for the further tests transesterifying waste cooking oil (WCO) with acid value of 5.1 mg-KOH/g. The yield of FAME was above 99% at 2 h of reaction time, but a portion of catalyst changed into calcium soap by reacting with free fatty acids included in WCO at initial stage of the transesterification. Owing to the neutralizing reaction of the catalyst, concentration of calcium in FAME increased from 187 ppm to 3065 ppm. By processing WCO at reflux of methanol in the presence of cation-exchange resin, only the free fatty acids could be converted into FAME. The transesterification of the processed WCO with acid value of 0.3 mg-KOH/g resulted in the production of FAME including calcium of 565 ppm.
2020
Biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification reaction of a short-chain alcohol with a triacylglycerol, that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, in the presence of a catalyst. The use of ethanol as reactant is justified since its production is consolidated in Brazil. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, CaO shows potential in the transesterification reactions because it has a low cost, can be reused and is not corrosive. The recycling of frying oil for the production of biodiesel represents an alternative for the disposal of a waste and does not compete with the food industry. The residual oil and CaO were subjected to a pre-treatment before the transesterification reactions. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied with 3 factors: temperature, ethanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor, in which oil, ethanol and the catalyst were added. The samples were vacuum filtered and conducted to a rotary evapora...