Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin, Far North Region, Cameroon: implications for incidence of fluorosis and optimal consumption dose (original) (raw)
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Environmental …, 2010
The 500,000 inhabitants of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin are vulnerable to a ''silent'' fluorosis from groundwater consumption. For the first time, the groundwater is investigated for the purpose of identifying the provenance of fluoride and estimating an optimal dose of fluoride in the study area. Based on the fluoride content of groundwater, fluorine and major oxides abundances in rocks from the study area, mean annual atmospheric temperature, and on-site diagnosis of fluorosis in children, the following results and conclusions are obtained: Fluoride concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.19 to 15.2 mg/l. Samples with fluoride content of \1.5 mg/l show Ca-HCO 3 signatures, while those with fluoride[1.5 mg/l show a tendency towards Na-HCO 3 type. Fluor-apatite and micas in the granites were identified as the main provenance of fluoride in the groundwater through water-rock interactions in an alkaline medium. The optimal fluoride dose in drinking water of the study area should be 0.7 mg/l, and could be adjusted downward to a level of 0.6 mg/l due to the high consumption rate of groundwater, especially during drier periods.
Fluoride content in water has received a world-wide attention due to its importance to health. This study attempts to trace the factors responsible for low fluoride levels in the aquifers of the Jos Younger Granites despite the high fluorine content in the rocks. A total of 41groundwater samples (1 mining pond, 2 hand pumps and 38 hand dug wells), 7 rock samples from the various lithological units, and 13 soil sections from two exposed locations were collected and analyzed for their fluorine content. Analysis of major cations was carried out using ICP-OES; the anions were analyzed using the UV multi-ion parameter and bicarbonates by titration method. Fluoride in underground water was determined by multi-ion parameter. Fluorine in rocks and soil were analyzed by the fusion method. The rock samples show variations in their fluorine content (Jos – Bukuru Biotite Granite 6,231, aplo-pegmatic granite-gneiss (basement rock) 4,864, Quartz-pyroxenes-fayalite porphyry 1,280, Dilimi-Biotite Granite 258 and Ngeil Biotite Granite-162 ppm). The soil sections from different locations also show variations of fluorine with depth of sampling. Cumulatively, the fluorine content in the sections and fluoride content in water do not correlate with fluorine in rock in the rock units. The low content in the two media, indicate that: 1. bulk fluorine have not been released from minerals in the host rocks and those retained in soils have not been mobilized to the groundwater. 2. Fluorine have formed complexes with other ions and occurring in compound form rather than ionic form. Apart from low fluoride in about 70% of the water samples all other parameters are within the WHO recommended limit for house hold uses. Although there are no records on the effect of low consumption of fluoride in water, inferences from the data show that most areas with low fluoride level should have dental caries.
Hydrogeochemical appraisal of fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, Plateau State, Nigeria
Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2016
Consumption of high fluoride in groundwater of Langtang area, manifest in the inhabitants of the area in form of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis in older group. The aim of this study was to appraise the hydrogeochemistry of fluoride in the groundwaters of Langtang area. Thirty seven surface and groundwater samples and nine rock samples were collected in Langtang area for geochemical analysis. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) was used to detect cations. The anions (Cl-, SO 4 = and Br-) were determine by Ion Chromatography method. Fluoride was determined by the Specific Ion Electrode and bicarbonate was determined by titration. Major oxides, trace elements and rare earth elements for the rock samples were determined by the XRF method and fluorine by the Fusion method. Polished thin sections for rocks were prepared and studied. Geochemical results from analysis of the samples (rock and water) show that four major rock units make up the geology of the area; coarse porphyritic biotite granite, migmatite, rhyolite and riebeckite granites, the minor ones are pegmatite, trachyte, aplite and fine to medium grained biotite granites. The rhyolite, the riebeckite granites and trachyte have the highest level of fluorine content in the area (1,470, 1000, 900 and 800 ppm) respectively. The fluorine mineral (Fluorite) crystallized in the late stage of the magma as replacement of Fe/Mg mineral probably hornblende or biotite. Fluorine is leached into the groundwater from the rhyolite under the slightly alkaline (Ca-Mg-HCO 3 evolving Na-HCO 3) water in the area. The two major groundwater types (Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3) in the area have good relationship with content of fluoride in water. Although, the riebeckite granites have high fluorine content, contribution of fluoride from them is towards the southern portion of the map, owing to the groundwater flow direction. The different water sources in the area do not show variation in content of fluoride in water. However, groundwater barriers (dykes) may be responsible for some area having low fluoride (<1.5 mg/l) content. The consumption of high content of fluoride in the area has resulted in severe dental fluorosis in both children and youths and bowing of legs (Genu Valgum) in children with no discrimination between the sexes.
ABSTRACT Groundwater is the most appropriate portable and widely used source of drinking water for many rural communities in Ghana and its quality has special health significance and needs great attention of all concerned since it is the major alternate source of domestic, industrial and drinking water supply in Ghanaian communities. Fluoride is a common constituent of groundwater and its sources are connected to various types of rocks and to volcanic activity, Agricultural (use of phosphate fertilizers) and industrial activities. Fluoride contamination in drinking water is a public health problem in many areas around the world. Chronic ingestion of high doses has been linked to the development of dental fluorosis, abnormal thyroid function and other hormonal disturbances and in extreme cases, skeletal fluorosis. High doses have also been linked to cancer (Marshall, 1990) and (Ilamiiton, 1992). The study was carried out to evaluate the geologic controls on fluoride concentrations in groundwater from northern and southern Ghana on the West African Craton. Groundwater from active pumping wells and rock samples from outcrops were collected from various communities from northern and southern Ghana for fluoride and petrological (thin section) analysis. The fluoride concentration in groundwater in some communities of northern Ghana was recorded up to 4.0 mg/l and the overall water quality found was unsatisfactory with respect to fluoride for drinking purposes without any treatment and 0.8mg/l for the south which is considered to be good for drinking. The petro logical analysis indicates that the geological source of fluoride in groundwater is related to leaching of minerals from rocks thus metamorphic (gneissic) rocks and granitoids (Bongo granites) which are rich in mica, quartz and sericite as well as microcline. Among the fluoride-bearing minerals, only biotite was abundant in rock samples. There was a Positive correlation between fluoride concentration in the groundwater and the percentage of biotite composition in rock samples. Therefore, the high fluoride concentrations in the groundwater are more likely to result from the dissolution of biotite (K (Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2) which contain fluorine at the OH− sites of the octahedral sheet.
Occurrence of Fluoride in the Groundwater of Kaltungo Area and Environs, North Eastern Nigeria
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2019
The aim of the study is to assess the occurrence of fluoride in the groundwater of Kaltungo area and environs. Consumption of high fluoride waters clearly manifests in the majority inhabitant of the area in form of dental fluorosis especially in the majority of the populace. Thirty groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and boreholes using standard method and were analyzed to determine the fluoride level. The results revealed that the Fluoride in the waters ranges from 0.8 to 1.94 mg/l with a mean value of 1.65 mg/l. No clear variations in fluoride content have been observed in both the borehole samples and those from the hand-dug wells. Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-Cl are the two major water types obtained in the area, which have a good association with fluoride. Negative correlation is observed between fluoride and temperature, fluoride and magnesium, fluoride and potassium and poor correlation is observed between fluoride and chloride, fluoride and nitrate, fluoride and phosphates which rules out the possibility of anthropogenic source of the fluoride in the waters. Positive correlation between fluoride and iron, indicates that the presence of fluoride in the water is as a result of dissolution of biotite within the host rock (Basalt).
Resources and Environment, 2012
Drinking water is a major source of Fluoride intake, which at certain concentration is the cause of Fluorosis. The disease is preventable by having passable knowledge of fluoride sources, concentration levels and management technique. This study was aim at presenting concentration levels of Fluoride (F) in drinking water sources from this region of northeastern Nigeria where cases of dental fluorosis have been reported. Samples of surface water and groundwater were analysed by the colorimetric SPADNS METHOD (CODE 3647-01-SC). Results revealed that F concentrations in surface water ranges between 0.03mg/L and 2.07mg/L, while in groundwater this ranges between 0.02mg/L and 2.42mg/L. The results also revealed up to 43% of sampling points within a location showing high F concentrations (≥1. 5mg/L) in groundwater. This is beyond the permissible limits set by World Health Organization. Since groundwater is a major source of drinking water in this region, the hazards posed by high F concentrations in this region still remains and would require constant monitoring and effective implementation of management practice to curtail.
Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review
American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
Fluoride has been reported to be among natural pollutant of water in Africa. High fluoride levels beyond the recommended World Health Organization limit of 1.5 mg/l has been observed in various Africa countries. However, the information is scattered in different publication medium. Therefore, objective of this work was to put together the information on fluoride levels in surface and groundwater in Africa, and describe the status and distribution of fluoride in water among African countries. This study assembled the secondary data of fluoride concentrations in surface and groundwater from the various literatures in African countries. Such countries represent southern, northern, eastern and western Africa. Descriptive statistics was used and results showed that elevated fluoride concentration occurred in countries such as Tanzania,
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
Fluoride contamination in groundwater in the Bongo District of Ghana was investigated using samples from 323 boreholes covering three geologic zones; granite, greenstones, and igneous/ metamorphic. The relationship between fluoride concentrations and the geologic zones, ground water depth, pH, and conductivity were determined to assess the risk of fluorosis from the inges tion of groundwater in these zones and to potentially guide future borehole locations. Data clearly showed that the problem of groundwater fluoride contamination exists mainly in the area underlain by granite and the risk of fluorosis and other fluoride ingestion related diseases exist for about 39% of the population of the District living in the granite zone. No clear correlation was found between fluoride concentration and pH, conductivity or depth of the boreholes, which rules out alternative borehole locations as a solution to the problem. An option for fluoride removal is a hybrid pre adsorption/ultrafiltration treatment system powered by solar panels in offgrid communities in the District. Under nonoptimized field conditions, the performance was affected by the adsorption capacity of the unmodified, natural laterite and membrane type. Improvement on laterite capacity or use of other adsorbents, and membrane type selection and optimization of such a system would be required for the field application.
Hydrology, 2017
The Fluoride concentration of water sources from part of Yobe State has been investigated, Fluoride levels in Pond water is between 0.71 and 1.36 mg/l, Dugwells concentration is from 0.00 to 1.5mg/l. The sampled water from tube wells and boreholes have concentrations ranges of 0.65-1.5 mg/l and 0.00- 2.2 mg/l respectively with the level of concentration being a function of depth. Health risk assessment have revealed three classes of risk in terms of Fluoride concentration levels in the water with 16 samples representing 14.3% falling within the Risk class of 1.5≤ R≤ 2.5(risk). Individual consuming such water have the tendency of getting dental fluorosis. Origins of Fluoride in the water are from Fluoride bearing minerals like Micas, Amphiboles, Illites, Apatite, Topaz, and Cryolite which occur in the sandy and clayey layers, anthropogenic sources from agricultural and irrigated land and leachate from dumps are the other possible sources of Fluoride in the tube wells and ponds water ...