People's Knowledge and Practice of Salt Iodization, as Well as the Assessment of Iodine Content in Salt in the Cumilla Region of Bangladesh (original) (raw)
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Heliyon, 2021
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is one of the major hidden hunger for poverty-stricken coastal rural areas of Bangladesh. Despite various programs, including universal salt iodization, IDD is significantly persistent due to poverty, inadequate knowledge, poor attitude, and practice of iodized salt consumption. The present study aimed to determine iodine concentration in salt at the household level as well as the magnitude of knowledge, attitude, and practice related to iodized salt utilization and iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). Material and method: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out using multistage sampling among 400 households in four coastal districts in Bangladesh. A standard pretested questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards iodized salt consumption. The iodine level was measured using the gold standard iodometric titration technique in the collected salt samples from the selected households. Result: The study results revealed that almost half of the participants had good knowledge regarding a balanced diet, whereas the positive attitude and practice of balanced diet consumption was relatively low (only 16.2% and 11.3%, respectively). The respondents' education profile and age were strongly correlated with knowledge and attitude; however, the practice was not significantly correlated with age and education. The concentration of iodine in salt at household levels was strongly associated with the practice of using iodized salt. Use of adequate iodized salt was 2.838 times (OR: 2.838, 95% CI: 1.7-4.735) and 3.884 times (OR: 3.884, 95%CI: 2.029-7.433) more likely to have a positive attitude and good practice towards iodized salt and IDDs respectively. Conclusion: Proper knowledge about iodized salt and IDDs should be introduced to all public education premises levels. Interventions and programs can be formulated to enhance knowledge, attitude, and practice at the household level so that the consumption of adequate iodized salt can be ensured to reduce iodine deficiency problems.
International Journal of Medical Sciences and Nursing Research, 2021
Background: Iodine deficiency disorder is common public health problem in developed and developing countries. In Worldwide, nearly 70% of the households only using adequate iodized salt in their regular food. To estimate the household salt utilization, prevalence of goiter, status of iodine deficiency disorder, and to find the iodine level at household level in the study areas. Materials and Methods: We have done a community-based observational study on IDD in the coastal areas of Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu with examined households salt in 1233 households in selected eight villages. All data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Totally 1233 households were recruited and incorporated in this study. Among 1233 households, male 385 (31.2%) and female 848 (68.8%). The male and female age-group was showed statistically highly significant association with p<0.01. Out of 1233 individuals, 141 (11.4%) were found as total goiter. The prevalence of goiter was 105 (12.4%) in female than male was 36 (9.4%) and no statistical association between gender among goiter prevalence (p>0.05). Conclusion: From our present study findings, we have concluded that majority of the study population was used iodized salt in their regular food. But, very less adequately iodized salts were available nearby study areas. Nevertheless, majority of the households didn't know about the benefits about the usage of iodized salt. Health education is needed in to the shopkeepers and local vendors. This will be conducted by non-Governmental organization, Government organization and other nearby medical colleges.
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2008
In Rajasthan, an Indian State with significant salt production, the sale of non-iodized salt for human consumption was banned in 1992. This study explored the relationships between the use of iodized salt in Rajasthan and the iodine status of children and pregnant women living in the area. In a State-wide survey, 30 clusters were selected proportionate-to-population-size and 40 school children, 6-12 years old, were enrolled by random house-to-house visits in each cluster. Twelve pregnant women from the same households were also sampled. Salt used for cooking and a casual urine sample from each child and pregnant woman were collected. The salt iodine content was measured by titration and the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by a quality-assured colorimetric method. Salt iodine content was >or=15 mg/kg in 41.9% of the households, and 23.0% used non-iodized salt. Median UIC was 139 microg/L in children and 127 microg/L in pregnant women. In households using non-iodized salt, the m...
Public Health Nutrition, 2019
ObjectiveThe availability of iodized salt in households remains low in Bangladesh, which calls for improving the salt iodization quality and its coverage. The present study assessed the socio-economic disparity in Bangladesh to characterize the availability of iodized salt at household level.DesignAssociations between different socio-economic factors and availability of iodized salt at household level were explored using Bayesian mixed-effects logistic models after adjusting the district- and cluster-level random effects.SettingBangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), 2012–13.ParticipantsHouseholds (sample size, n 50981).ResultsResults showed that 73·15 % of household salt samples were iodized to some extent although iodization level varied. According to the regression model, houses with young (adjusted odds ratio of posterior mean (OR) = 1·31; 95 % credible interval (CI) 1·09, 1·64) and educated (OR = 3·66; 95 % CI 3·25, 4·23) household heads had significantly higher li...
Journal of health, …, 2010
Iodine deficiency is endemic in West Bengal as evident from earlier studies. This community-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in North 24 Parganas district during August-November 2005 to assess the consumption of adequately-iodized salt and to ascertain the various factors that influence access to iodized salt. In total, 506 households selected using the multi-stage cluster-sampling technique and all 79 retail shops from where the study households buy salt were surveyed. The iodine content of salt was tested by spot iodine-testing kits. Seventy-three percent of the households consumed salt with adequate iodine content (≥15 ppm). Consumption of adequately-iodized salt was lower among rural residents [prevalence ratio (PR): 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-0.9], Muslims (PR: 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9), and households with monthly per-capita income of ≤US$ 10 (PR: 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.8). Those who heard and were aware of the risk of iodine-deficiency disorders and of the benefit of iodized salt were more likely to use appropriate salt (PR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.3). Those who were aware of the ban on non-iodized salt were more likely to consume adequately-iodized salt (PR: 1.1, 95% CI 1.01-1.3). The iodine content was higher in salt sold in sealed packets (PR: 2.9, 95% CI 1.8-4.8) and stored on shelves (PR: 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.0). Seventy-two percent of the salt samples from the retail shops had the iodine content of ≥15 ppm. The findings indicate that elimination of iodine deficiency will require targeting the vulnerable and poor population.
An Evaluation of National Iodine Disorder Deficiency Control Programme (NIDDCP) in India was undertaken by National Institute of Health and Family Welfare on the behest of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in the year 2005-06 in ten States of the country selected from North, East, South, West and Central Regions. The objective of evaluation was to find out the level of awareness about use of iodised salt by the community. The data was collected using semi-structured interview schedules from households regarding knowledge, attitude and behavior about consumption of salt. Salt samples from 2404 households, both from urban and rural areas, were tested on the spot using MBI kits. It was found that more than 72 per cent respondents were aware about the iodised salt. Regarding ban on sale of uniodised salt, only 10 per cent respondents were aware. Except Giotre, other ill-effects of IDDs were hardly known to the community. Major source of information about this awareness was television. Iodised salt was easily available at a distance of less than a km. It was found that consumption of non-iodised salt was common in salt producing States because small producers were usually selling non-iodised salt in rural areas at cheaper rate as there was no check on transportation of salt through road. In rural areas salt was also being used for cattle consumption, bricks preparation, coconut trees, ice-cream preparation and burial purposes. Though the programme has been successful in ensuring the reach of iodised salt in remote areas but people still found the price of iodised salt unaffordable. The average rate to which people may like to purchase iodised salt was between rupees 2 to 3/-per kg.
Iodized salt at households and retail shops in a rural community of Northern India
South East Asia Journal of Public Health, 2013
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for humans but its deficiency can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to estimate the consumption of adequately iodized salt on a household level, and to study the availability, procurement, storage, cost, and knowledge regarding iodized salt and iodine deficiency disorders amongst retail shopkeepers from the Ballabgarh block of Haryana in Northern India. This rural area was the location used for a community-based cross-sectional study by simple random sampling. Salt samples were collected from 363 selected households (out of the calculated 400 household samples) and all the retail shops (233) in the study area. Salt was tested using an iodometric titration method at the Indian Coalition for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) laboratory in New Delhi. Retail shopkeepers were also interviewed regarding their knowledge and practices. Adequately iodized salt (=15 parts per million) was consumed in 65.2% of the households, while 17.3%, of the residents were consuming salt with no iodine added (0-5ppm). Adequately iodized salt was sold by 76.3% of the retail establishments, while 12.3% were selling salt without any added iodine (0-5ppm). About 84% of the shopkeepers were aware that they are selling iodized salt. It was reported by 94% of the retail shopkeepers that iodized salt is necessary for good health but none of them could identify all the iodine deficiency disorders. Effective strategies are required to educate both consumers and suppliers to achieve Universal Salt Iodization at household level.
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2018
Background: An Iodine deficiency disorder causes a major problem of brain damage in human beings and it is a major public health problem in India and worldwide. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of iodized salt among households and to find the iodine content level at the traders and retail vendors in the rural study areas of the Marakkanam block. Methods: A community based descriptive study on IDD was conducted in Marakkanam block population, Tamil Nadu with a sample size of 1233 individuals. Results: The goiter prevalence was high in female gender when compared with male and higher goiter prevalence rate was found in the lower economic group. Among 1233 individuals, 796 (64.6%) were heard about iodized salt, whereas 437 (35.4%) were not heard about it. Only 294 (23.8%) of the respondents were aware that iodine deficiency caused some disease or health problem. Total of 525 salt sample packets was collected at the traders' level and it that 99% of the salt samples were iodized but most of them weren't adequately iodized. Conclusion: From our present study, we have concluded that nearly one fourth of the study population didn't have enough knowledge about IDD and its consequences. To eliminate the lack of their knowledge on IDD by conducting an effective awareness programs. Try to eradicate IDD related diseases in the study areas by encouraging the community people to use iodized salt, encourage the retail shop owners, vendors to sell an adequate iodized salt packets and by reducing the cost of the iodized salt packets through Government of Tamilnadu or private Non-Governmental Organizations.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, 2021
Background & Aim: Iodine deciency is prevalent but preventable cause of mental retardation, globally. In India, an estimated 167 million people are at risk of developing IDDs. Despite of the universal salt iodization in India, only 71 % of the households were consuming this by 2009.The present survey was conducted to estimate the uptake of adequately iodized salt in the tribal district of Himachal Pradesh. Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in tribal Distt. Kinaaur of H.P. A total of 10 clusters were taken for survey and 18 -20 households per cluster were chosen randomly. The unit of study taken was a household. Results: A total of 196 households in Kinnaur were surveyed for iodized salt coverage, using MBI salt Iodine detection kit. The household coverage of adequately iodized salt in current survey was found to be 75%.. Conclusion: The district Kinnaur had transformed its phase from iodine decient to iodine sufcient. Majority of the respondents followe...
Insufficient level of iodine content in household powder salt in Nepal
Universal salt iodization (USI) is long term strategy for the control of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) in Nepal. Standardized periodic testing of the iodine content in salt is a critical part of a salt iodisation programme. To achieve programmatic objective, this study was carried out to estimate the iodine content of household salt in Kavre, Lalitpur and Parsa districts of Nepal. Iodometric titration of 1803 salt samples collected from the households through the students of different schools revealed that 289 (16.0%) had less than 15 ppm iodine. Two hundred forty-one powder salt samples without two children logo (14.3% among total powder salt samples) had iodine below 15 ppm. It includes 25.8% of total salt samples from Parsa district of Terai ecological region. Among total, the largest proportion of the population accounting for almost 93.0% used powder salt. In total 1803 salt samples, mean and median iodine concentration were 31.8 ppm (95.0% CI=31.0-32.6) and 29.5 ppm respect...