Effects of Footwear Variations on Three-Dimensional Kinematics and Tibial Accelerations of Specific Movements in American Football (original) (raw)
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A comparison of cleat types during two football-specific tasks on FieldTurf
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008
Objective: Examine the effect of different cleat plate configurations on plantar pressure during two tasks. Design: Thirty-six athletes ran an agility course 5 times while wearing 4 different types of Nike Vitoria Cleats: 1) Bladed, 2) Elliptical Firm Ground, 3) Hard Ground, and 4) Turf. Plantar pressure data were recorded during a side cut and a cross cut using Pedar-X insoles. Setting: Controlled Laboratory Study Participants: No history of lower extremity injury in the past six months, no previous foot or ankle surgery, not currently wearing foot orthotics, and play a cleated sport at least 2 times per week. Main Outcome Measurements: Contact area, total foot contact time, maximum force, total foot peak pressure, and the force-time integral (FTI) in the medial, middle and lateral regions of the forefoot. A 1x4 ANOVA (alpha=0.05) was performed on each dependent variable. A Bonferroni adjustment was conducted (α=0.008).
Foot morphology and foot/ankle injury in indoor football
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2007
While the pronated foot is implicated as a risk factor for sports injury in some studies, others suggest that a supinated foot posture increases the risk of overuse lower limb injuries. Athletes in a given sports discipline may tend to have a similar foot morphology, which varies from that observed elsewhere. Further, the foot morphology that is beneficial for performance in a sport may be detrimental with regard to injury. Intra-and inter-rater reliability of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) as a measure of foot morphology was determined (ICC (2,1) 0.88 and 0.69 respectively). Thereafter, in a prospective cohort study using the FPI-6, 76 adolescent male indoor football (Futsal) players were measured and followed monthly over one competition season. Coach-rated ability and reports of any overuse injuries at the ankle and/or foot over this period were obtained. A significant negative linear relationship was found between the mean FPI-6 scores and coach-rated ability (p = 0.008), with supinated and under-pronated postures related to higher ability level. Overall, 33% of injuries at the ankle and/or foot were classified as overuse. Foot Posture Index scores of less than 2, indicating the supinated and under-pronated feet, were found to be associated with a significant increase in the risk of overuse injury (p = 0.008). The greater rigidity of these foot types may assist adolescent, male, indoor football players to perform at a higher level in their sport. Unfortunately, these players are also more likely to sustain ankle and/or foot overuse injuries.
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2018
The aim of the current investigation was to examine the effects of high and low-cut basketball specific footwear, in relation to minimalist and conventional athletic footwear, on the kinetics and three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of sport specific basketball movements. Ten males performed run and 45˚ cut movements, whilst wearing low-cut, high-cut, minimalist and conventional athletic footwear. 3D kinematics of the lower extremities were measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system, alongside the vertical rate of loading, which was obtained using an embedded force platform. Footwear differences in 3D kinematic and loading rate parameters were examined using 4 (footwear) x 2 (movement), repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that loading rate was significantly larger in the minimalist footwear (run = 239.45 & cut = 221.94 BW/s), in relation to the low-cut (run = 144.02 & cut = 216.58 BW/s), high-cut (run = 163.83 & cut = 192.11 BW/s), and conventional (run = 140.32 & cut = 170.83 BW/s) conditions. In addition, it was also revealed during the run movement that peak angles of eversion were reduced significantly when wearing the high-cut (-11.14˚) footwear, compared to the low-cut (-13.71˚), minimalist (-13.13˚), and conventional (-13.75˚) conditions. The findings from the current investigation indicate that from an injury prevention context, conventional athletic footwear may be most appropriate for basketball players who are susceptible to chronic impact related injuries, and high-cut footwear may be most suitable for players who require additional medial/ lateral ankle stability.
Footwear Science, 2016
Lateral ankle sprain is the most prevalent injury in soccer athletes. Enhanced by the variety of soccer cleats and by increased use of artificial turf, the interaction between the ground and the footwear has taken high importance as a lateral ankle sprain risk factor. The higher incidence of injuries in the second half of the match reflects the need of studying this interaction during tasks involving muscle fatigue. To evaluate the influence of different soccer cleats on kinetic, kinematic and neuromuscular ankle variables in artificial turf under two conditions: with and without fatigue of lateral ankle dynamic stabilizers. Study design: Experimental study within-subjects design. Twenty-four healthy athletes participated in this study. All subjects performed three sets of five medial-lateral unipodal jumps, each one with one of three models of cleats (Turf, Hard and Firm ground) on two conditions: with and without fatigue induced by the isokinetic dynamometer. The electromyographic activity of long and short peroneal heads, ground reaction forces and the movement of the rear-foot were collected and used to calculate kinematic (ankle eversion/inversion, centre of pressure displacement and velocity), kinetic (loading rate of the ground reaction forces) and neuromuscular variables (activation time of peroneal muscles). With the exception of decreased peroneal activation time with the Hard ground model (without fatigue vs. with fatigue), no statistically significant differences were identified in the ankle variables, between cleats, neither between the two evaluated conditions. In healthy soccer athletes, the contributor variables for ankle sprain were not influenced by the kind of soccer cleat in a functional test on a third generation artificial turf.
Effect of soccer footwear on landing mechanics
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2012
Lower-extremity injury is common in soccer. A number of studies have begun to assess why specific lower-extremity injuries occur. However, currently few studies have examined how footwear affects lower-extremity mechanics. In order to address this question, 14 male (age: 22.1 Ϯ 3.9 years, height: 1.77 Ϯ 0.06 m, and mass: 73.3 Ϯ 11.5 kg) and 14 female (age: 22.8 Ϯ 3.1 years, height: 1.68 Ϯ 0.07 m and mass: 64.4 Ϯ 9.2 kg) competitive soccer players underwent a motion analysis assessment while performing a jump heading task. Each subject performed the task in three different footwear conditions (running shoe, bladed cleat, and turf shoe). Two-way analyses of variance were used to examine statistical differences in landing mechanics between the footwear conditions while controlling for gender differences. These comparisons were made during two different parts (prior to and following) of a soccer-specific jump heading task. A statistically significant interaction for the peak dorsiflexion angle (P = 0.02) and peak knee flexion angle (P = 0.05) was observed. Male soccer players exhibited a degree increase in dorsiflexion in the bladed cleat while female soccer players exhibited a three-degree reduction in peak knee flexion in the bladed cleat condition. Other main effects for gender and footwear were also observed. The results suggest that landing mechanics differ based upon gender, footwear, and the type of landing. Therefore, training interventions aimed at reducing lower-extremity injury should consider utilizing sport-specific footwear when assessing movement patterns.
Football boot insoles and sensitivity to extent of ankle inversion movement * Commentary
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2003
Background: The capacity of the plantar sole of the foot to convey information about foot position is reduced by conventional smooth boot insoles, compared with barefoot surface contact. Objective: To test the hypothesis that movement discrimination may be restored by inserting textured replacement insoles, achieved by changing footwear conditions and measuring the accuracy of judgments of the extent of ankle inversion movement. Methods: An automated testing device, the ankle movement extent discrimination apparatus (AMEDA), developed to assess active ankle function in weight bearing without a balance demand, was used to test the effects of sole inserts in soccer boots. Seventeen elite soccer players, the members of the 2000 Australian Women's soccer squad (34 ankles), took part in the study. Subjects were randomly allocated to start testing in: bare feet, their own football boots, own football boot and replacement insole, and on the left or right side. Subjects underwent six 50 trial blocks, in which they completed all footwear conditions. The sole inserts were cut to size for each foot from textured rubber "finger profile" sheeting. Results: Movement discrimination scores were significantly worse when subjects wore their football boots and socks, compared with barefoot data collected at the same time. The substitution of textured insoles for conventional smooth insoles in the football boots was found to restore movement discrimination to barefoot levels. Conclusions: The lower active movement discrimination scores of athletes when wearing football boots with smooth insoles suggest that the insole is one aspect of football boot and sport shoe design that could be modified to provide the sensory feedback needed for accurate foot positioning.
The effects of cross-fit footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of running
Footwear Science, 2016
The aim of the current study was to comparatively examine the effects of barefoot, cross-fit, minimalist and conventional footwear on the kinetics and kinematics of running. Thirteen male participants ran over an embedded force platform at 4.0 m/s in the four different footwear conditions. Lower extremity kinematics were quantified via an eight-camera motion analysis system and tibial accelerations were obtained using a distally mounted accelerometer. Differences between footwear were investigated using one-way, repeated measures ANOVA. The findings confirmed that instantaneous loading rate and peak tibial acceleration were significantly larger in the barefoot (274.19 BW/s and 5.72 g) and minimalist (302.91 BW/s and 5.31 g) conditions in relation to the conventional (112.37 BW/s and 4.55 g) footwear. In addition it was also shown that ankle angle at footstrike was significantly more plantarflexed in the barefoot (¡8.70) and minimalist (¡.92) conditions compared to the conventional (5.09) and cross-fit (2.16) conditions. As such the results from the current investigation indicate that barefoot and minimalist footwear may place cross-fit athletes at increased risk from chronic pathologies during running activities.
Journal of Human Kinetics
The lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common sport injury, representing 10-30% of all musculoskeletal disorders. The lateral ankle sprain is induced by sport gestures involving changes of direction and landing manoeuvres and constitutes a risk factor for the occurrence of chronic ankle instability. Although cleat models and performance have been already explored, no study has evaluated this relationship in athletes with chronic ankle instability. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyse the influence of different soccer cleat models on Side Hop Test performance of athletes with and without chronic ankle instability. Thirty-nine athletes were divided into two groups, a chronic ankle instability group (n = 20) and a healthy group (n = 19). Each participant performed the Side Hop Test, executing 10 consecutive jumps on dry artificial grass with 4 cleat models. The Qualisys System and two force platforms were used to analyse the test runtime, the distance travelled and t...
Human Movement, 2014
Purpose: The transmission tibial accelerations through the musculoskeletal system may 7 contribute to the aetiology of injuries. Therefore determining the mechanisms that regulate 8 impact accelerations may have potential clinical significance. This study aimed to determine 9 the influence of lower extremity kinematics on the regulation of both time and frequency 10 domain characteristics of tibial accelerations during running. Methods: Forty participants 11 ran at 4.0 m.s -1 ±5%. Three-dimensional joint kinematics from the hip, knee and ankle were 12 measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system operating at 250 Hz. Regression 13 analyses with time and frequency domain tibial acceleration parameters as criterion 14 variables were used to identify the lower extremity parameters associated with the passive 15 regulation of impact accelerations. Results: The overall regression model yielded an Adj 16 R 2 =0.13, p≤0.01. Knee flexion velocity at footstrike was identified as a significant regulator 17 of time domain tibial acceleration. No kinematic variables were identified as significantly 18 related to the frequency domain properties of the signal. Conclusions: The findings of the 19 current investigation therefore suggest that sagittal plane Knee flexion velocity at footstrike 20 can regulate the magnitude of impact loading linked to the development of chronic injuries. 21 Running title: Regulation of tibial accelerations during running 22