Mining system audit data (original) (raw)
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Mining Audit Data to Build Intrusion Detection Models
1998
In this paper we discuss a data mining framework for constructing intrusion detection models. The key ideas are to mine system audit data for consistent and useful patterns of program and user behavior, and use the set of relevant system features presented in the patterns to compute (inductively learned) classifiers that can recognize anomalies and known intrusions. Our past experiments showed that classifiers can be used to detect intrusions, provided that sufficient audit data is available for training and the right set of system features are selected. We propose to use the association rules and frequent episodes computed from audit data as the basis for guiding the audit data gathering and feature selection processes. We modify these two basic algorithms to use axis attribute(s) as a form of item constraints to compute only the relevant ("useful") patterns, and an iterative level-wise approximate mining procedure to uncover the low frequency (but important) patterns. We report our experiments in using these algorithms on real-world audit data.
Problem statement: Intrusion Detection System (IDS) have become an important component of infrastructure protection mechanism to secure the current and emerging networks, its services and applications by detecting, alerting and taking necessary actions against the malicious activities. The network size, technology diversities and security policies make networks more challenging and hence there is a requirement for IDS which should be very accurate, adaptive, extensible and more reliable. Although there exists the novel framework for this requirement namely Mining Audit Data for Automated Models for Intrusion Detection (MADAM ID), it is having some performance shortfalls in processing the audit data. Approach: Few experiments were conducted on tcpdump data of DARPA and BCM audit files by applying the algorithms and tools of MADAM ID in the processing of audit data, mine patterns, construct features and build RIPPER classifiers. By putting it all together, four main categories of attacks namely DOS, R2L, U2R and PROBING attacks were simulated. Results: This study outlines the experimentation results of MADAM ID in testing the DARPA and BSM data on a simulated network environment. Conclusion: The strengths and weakness of MADAM ID has been identified thru the experiments conducted on tcpdump data and also on Pascal based audit files of Basic Security Module (BSM). This study also gives some additional directions about the future applications of MADAM ID.
Mining Audit Data for Intrusion Detection Systems Using Support Vector Machines and Neural Networks
International Journal on Information Sciences and Computing, 2007
This paper concerns using learning machines for intrusion detection. Two classes of learning machines are studied: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). We show that SVMs are superior to ANNs for intrusion detection in three critical respects: SVMs train, and run, an order of magnitude faster; SVMs scale much better; and SVMs give higher classification accuracy. We also address the related issue of ranking the importance of input features, which is itself a problem of great interest in modeling. Since elimination of the insignificant and/or useless inputs leads to a simplification of the problem and possibly faster and more accurate detection, feature selection is very important in intrusion detection. Two methods for feature ranking are presented: the first one is independent of the modeling tool, while the second method is specific to SVMs. The two methods are applied to identify the important features in the 1999 DARPA intrusion data. It is shown that the two methods produce results that are largely consistent. We present various experimental results that indicate that SVM-based intrusion detection using a reduced number of features can deliver enhanced or comparable performance. An SVM-based IDS for class-specific detection is thereby proposed.
A Data Mining Framework for Building Intrusion Detection Models
1999
There is often the need to update an installed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) due to new attack methods or upgraded computing environments. Since many current IDSs are constructed by manual encoding of expert knowledge, changes to IDSs are expensive and slow. In this paper, we describe a data mining framework for adaptively building Intrusion Detection (ID) models. The central idea is to utilize auditing programs to extract an extensive set of features that describe each network connection or host session, and apply data mining programs to learn rules that accurately capture the behavior of intrusions and normal activities. These rules can then be used for misuse detection and anomaly detection. New detection models are incorporated into an existing IDS through a meta-learning (or co-operative learning) process, which produces a meta detection model that combines evidence from multiple models. We discuss the strengths of our data mining programs, namely, classification, meta-learning, association rules, and frequent episodes. We report our results of applying these programs to the extensively gathered network audit data for the 1998 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation Program.
Data Mining Approaches for Intrusion Detection Data Mining Approaches for Intrusion Detection
In this paper we discuss our research in developing general and systematic methods for intrusion detection. The key ideas are to use data mining techniques to discover consistent and useful patterns of system features that describe program and user behavior, and use the set of relevant system features to compute (inductively learned) classifiers that can recognize anomalies and known intrusions. Using experiments on the sendmail system call data and the network tcpdump data, we demonstrate that we can construct concise and accurate classifiers to detect anomalies. We provide an overview on two general data mining algorithms that we have implemented: the association rules algorithm and the frequent episodes algorithm. These algorithms can be used to compute the intra-and inter-audit record patterns, which are essential in describing program or user behavior. The discovered patterns can guide the audit data gathering process and facilitate feature selection. To meet the challenges of both efficient learning (mining) and real-time detection, we propose an agent-based architecture for intrusion detection systems where the learning agents continuously compute and provide the updated (detection) models to the detection agents.
Mining Association Rules to Evade Network Intrusion in Network Audit Data
2014
With the growth of hacking and exploiting tools and invention of new ways of intrusion, intrusion detection and prevention is becoming the major challenge in the world of network security. The increasing network traffic and data on Internet is making this task more demanding. There are various approaches being utilized in intrusion detections, but unfortunately any of the systems so far is not completely flawless. The false positive rates make it extremely hard to analyse and react to attacks. Intrusion detection systems using data mining approaches make it possible to search patterns and rules in large amount of audit data. In this paper, we represent a model to integrate association rules to intrusion detection to design and implement a network intrusion detection system. Our technique is used to generate attack rules that will detect the attacks in network audit data using anomaly detection. This shows that the modified association rules algorithm is capable of detecting network ...
A framework for constructing features and models for intrusion detectionsystems
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 2000
Intrusion detection (ID) is an important component of infrastructure protection mechanisms. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) need to be accurate, adaptive, and extensible. Given these requirements and the complexities of today's network environments, we need a more systematic and automated IDS development process rather than the pure knowledge encoding and engineering approaches. This article describes a novel framework, MADAM ID, for Mining Audit Data for Automated Models for Intrusion Detection. This framework uses data mining algorithms to compute activity patterns from system audit data and extracts predictive features from the patterns. It then applies machine learning algorithms to the audit records that are processed according to the feature definitions to generate intrusion detection rules. Results from the 1998 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation showed that our ID model was one of the best performing of all the participating systems. We also briefly discuss our experience in converting the detection models produced by off-line data mining programs to real-time modules of existing IDSs.
Data Mining Approaches for Intrusion Detection
2000
In this paper we discuss our research in developing general and systematic methods for intrusion detection. The key ideas are to use data mining techniques to discover consistent and useful patterns of system features that describe program and user behavior, and use the set of relevant system features to compute (inductively learned) classifiers that can recognize anomalies and known intrusions. Using experiments on the sendmail system call data and the network tcpdump data, we demonstrate that we can construct concise and accurate classifiers to detect anomalies. We provide an overview on two general data mining algorithms that we have implemented: the association rules algorithm and the frequent episodes algorithm. These algorithms can be used to compute the intra-and inter-audit record patterns, which are essential in describing program or user behavior. The discovered patterns can guide the audit data gathering process and facilitate feature selection. To meet the challenges of both efficient learning (mining) and real-time detection, we propose an agent-based architecture for intrusion detection systems where the learning agents continuously compute and provide the updated (detection) models to the detection agents.
ADAM: a testbed for exploring the use of data mining in intrusion detection
2001
Abstract Intrusion detection systems have traditionally been based on the characterization of an attack and the tracking of the activity on the system to see if it matches that characterization. Recently, new intrusion detection systems based on data mining are making their appearance in the field. This paper describes the design and experiences with the ADAM (Audit Data Analysis and Mining) system, which we use as a testbed to study how useful data mining techniques can be in intrusion detection.
Mining in a data-flow environment: experience in network intrusion detection
1999
We discuss the KDD process in "data-flow" environments, where unstructured and time dependent data can be processed into various levels of structured and semanticallyrich forms for analysis tasks. Using network intrusion detection as a concrete application example, we describe how to construct models that are both accurate in describing the underlying concepts, and efficient when used to analyze data in real-time. We present procedures for analyzing frequent patterns from lower level data and constructing appropriate features to formulate higher level data. The features generated from various levels of data have different computational costs (in time and space). We show that in order to minimize the time required in using the classification models in a real-time environment, we can exploit the "necessary conditions" associated with the lowcost features to determine whether some high-cost features need to be computed and the corresponding classification rules need to be checked. We have applied our tools to the problem of building network intrusion detection models. We report our experiments using the network data provided as part of the 1998 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation program. We also discuss our experience in using the mined models in NFR, a real-time network intrusion detection system.