Determination of Food Adulteration by Monopole Antenna (original) (raw)
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A Novel Liquid Adulteration Sensor Based on a Self Complementary Antenna
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C
In this paper, a novel OLR loaded self complementary dipole antenna (OSCDA) is proposed. Open loop resonators (OLRs) are introduced into the design of a traditional self complementary dipole antenna (SCDA), to evolve it into OSCDA. The antenna is compact and has an impedance bandwidth of 1.1 GHz to 3.3 GHz with VSWR less than 2 across the frequency band. The use of the proposed antenna as a liquid sensor to detect adulteration in liquids is demonstrated from the relationship between concentration and shift in resonant frequency and variation in reflection coefficient. Variation of reflection coefficient due to change in dielectric properties is studied for different cases viz.: (i) dilution of milk with water, (ii) adulteration of coconut oil with rice bran oil, (iii) adulteration of honey with sugar syrup, and (iv) varying concentration of salt and sugar in water. When an adulterant is added to a liquid or concentration of solute in a solution varied, the dielectric properties change. This is reflected in the variation in reflection coefficient and resonant frequency. Experimental results show that the antenna has a good sensitivity to detect adulterated samples.
Non Destructive Sensing of Food Material Using Radio Frequencies
This paper reports on preliminary research on food sensing based on evaluation of the electrical properties of food materials at radio frequencies with a focus on determining the quality and life time of the food materials before they deteriorate. The problem of food deterioration could lead to food poisoning and waste. The objective is to sense food items through measurements, to provide an understanding of the complex nature of the RF properties of food materials and their variability and different electrical behaviors. The paper presents a preliminary literature study on the electrical properties of specific food items and a method that is being investigated for use in food sensing using antenna arrays with multiple inputs and outputs.
Food quality assurance is becoming increasingly important in food processing industry as expectations from the consumers and competitions among food manufacturers continue to grow. For this singular reason, this research work is primarily aimed at studying the dielectric characteristics of pure honey and adulterated ones with a view to determine honey that has been adulterated. In this work, permittivity of pure honey, distilled water and honey-distilled water syrup mixtures with water content from 0% to 80% was studied from 1 to 20 GHz with open-ended coaxial-line sensor and a network analyzer at room temperature. The input reflection coefficient obtained from the vector network analyzer (Agilent 85,071) is then used to calculate and correlate the complex permittivity measured for the water and mixtures. Results showed that the dielectric constants of all samples decreased with increasing frequency , while the pure honey had lower dielectric constant than distilled water but the mixture of water and honey increased with increases in water content. The maximum loss factor decreased with increasing water content.
An overview of microwave techniques for the efficient measurement of food materials
Food Manufacturing Efficiency, 2008
There is critical demand for rapid, low-cost methods to determine food composition to provide a responsive control mechanism and an efficient quality control system in food processes. Four non-destructive microwave techniques used to measure the relative complex permittivity (e*) of food components are reviewed. The open-ended coaxial probe is found to be quick and effective for broadband measurements of liquids and pastes. Narrowband waveguide cells require careful sample preparation but they provide accurate permittivity measurements for solids, particulates and liquids. The resonant cavity method provides a high Q measurement at a single frequency and is suitable for low loss samples that can be inserted into the resonator. For scanning and conveyer belts we describe a horn antenna, free-space transmission line method. Each method is described and real examples are demonstrated for the characterisation of a range of foodstuffs.
Novel Improved Sensitivity Planar Microwave Probe for Adulteration Detection in Edible Oils
IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2018
Novel design of the complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loaded planar microwave probe with improved sensitivity is proposed for liquid adulteration detection. As compared to the conventional planar resonant sensors, the proposed single-port structure is quite advantageous for detecting adulteration in edible fluids since it can directly be immersed inside the liquid specimen. The flared microstrip line of the proposed probe facilitates the etching of two CSRRs on the top side at the electric field maxima resulting into the compact design with improved sensitivity. The parameters of the probe are optimized using the CST-MWS, and its prototype is fabricated, which possesses the ability to easily distinguish two materials having close dielectrics values. Finally, the proposed probe is successfully employed for adulteration testing of various edible oils where the presence of common adulterants such as mineral oil inside high-quality olive oil and mustard oils can be clearly detected.
Broadband Electromagnetic Sensing for Food Quality Control: A Preliminary Experimental Study
2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2021
Quality control is of great importance in food industry, both for the evaluation of product characteristics and to avoid the occurrence of foreign bodies contamination in packaged items. With respect to the inspections against possible contaminants inside the product, different technologies are currently adopted along production chain lines. However, the number of accidents involving low density objects remains very large. To overcome this limitation, the use of electromagnetic technologies has been recently proposed. In this work, the synergic use of terahertz and microwaves technologies is proposed, so to provide high resolution images and in-depth inspections of different scenarios, including low density materials. A focus study on sugar samples is considered, reporting both its broadband characterization at microwaves and preliminary terahertz imaging to evaluate the integrity of the packaging. Ongoing research is devoted to the development and validation of a microwave device f...
A Hybrid Magnetoelastic Wireless Sensor for Detection of Food Adulteration
—This paper investigates a step by step design procedure of a hybrid passive wireless sensor. The hybrid sensor measures both electrical (dielectric constant) and mechanical (viscosity) properties of liquid, providing a two-factor quality control. The hybrid sensor is based on an inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant tank coupled with a magnetoelastic strip. The mechanical and electrical resonances change as a function of viscosity and dielectric constant, respectively. Two different hybrid sensor designs are investigated, i) a parallel plate capacitor coupled with a separate amorphous ferromagnetic magnetoelastic strip (Metglas), and ii) a capacitor made using two parallel mounted magnetoelastic strips. The sensors are integrated as part of the " smart vial " making it field operable for food quality monitoring and control. Here, detection of adulteration in extra virgin olive oil is achieved by measuring the change in viscosity and dielectric constant for different adulteration levels. The real part of the dielectric constant for different liquid samples is measured in the frequency range of 3-24 MHz. The hybrid sensor is able to detect adulteration levels below 10% in volume. Theses sensors can be integrated with passive RFIDs for simultaneous measurement of multiple samples in an array format.
Measuring frequency- and temperature-dependent permittivities of food materials
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2002
An open-ended coaxial-line probe was used with sample temperature control equipment designed for use with the probe to measure permittivities of some liquid, semisolid, and pulverized food materials as a function of frequency and temperature. Graphical data for the dielectric constant and loss factor of homogenized macaroni and cheese, ground whole-wheat flour, and apple juice illustrate the diverse frequency-and temperature-dependent behavior of food materials, and the need for measurements when reliable permittivity data, are required.
Uwb Antenna as a Sensor for the Analysis of Dissolved Particles and Water Quality
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters
This paper aims to test the concentration of dissolved particles such as salt and sugar in a water sample and also test the quality of water. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna has been designed and used to test the water sample. The proposed UWB antenna has been resonated from 3.2 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The fractional bandwidth of the UWB antenna is 1.15. The measured antenna's characteristics were in good agreement with the simulated results. Then, the designed UWB antenna was used as a sensor on the water samples such as distilled water, rainwater, pond water, seawater, and Reverse Osmosis (RO) water. Hence, this paper explains the concentration of dissolved particles and testing of the quality of the water sample by using the return loss characteristics of the antenna when it is immersed in the water sample. This technique can be further extended for testing the quality of any other liquids.
Real-time detection of plastic shards in cheese using microwave sensing technique
Proceedings of 6th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications
Recently, Lidl had to set a recall action due to dangerous pieces of plastic found in the cheese products. The plastic shards, if swallowed, can cut the oral cavity or obstruct breathing. Current inspection techniques in the cheese industry are for the detection of metals using X-ray that does not offer a complete solution, as many foreign bodies can go undetected. This paper demonstrates the use of a portable real-time microwave sensing technique for the nondestructive detection of plastic in cheese. The electromagnetic (EM) patch antenna was designed and tested on five Cheddar cheese samples. Different sizes of plastic shards, 1 × 10 mm, 2 × 15 mm and 5 × 20 mm, were inserted into the samples, and measurements were taken with and without foreign objects. The initial results demonstrated that the patch antenna at 4GHz was able to detect and classify Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) shards with an R2 = 0.95. The initial results are promising, and further investigation will be undertaken to ...