Cracking the Metabolic engineering of bacteria: Review of methods involved in organic acid Production (original) (raw)
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Metabolic Engineering of Bacteria
Indian Journal of Microbiology, 2011
Yield and productivity are critical for the economics and viability of a bioprocess. In metabolic engineering the main objective is the increase of a target metabolite production through genetic engineering. Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the production of a certain substance. In the last years, the development of recombinant DNA technology and other related technologies has provided new tools for approaching yields improvement by means of genetic manipulation of biosynthetic pathway. Industrial microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Actinomycetes, etc. have been developed as biocatalysts to provide new or to optimize existing processes for the biotechnological production of chemicals from renewable plant biomass. The factors like oxygenation, temperature and pH have been traditionally controlled and optimized in industrial fermentation in order to enhance metabolite production. Metabolic engineering of bacteria shows a great scope in industrial application as well as such technique may also have good potential to solve certain metabolic disease and environmental problems in near future.
Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2006
Industrial microorganisms have been developed as biocatalysts to provide new or to optimize existing processes for the biotechnological production of chemicals from renewable plant biomass. Rational strain development by metabolic engineering is crucial to successful processes, and is based on efficient genetic tools and detailed knowledge of metabolic pathways and their regulation. This review summarizes recent advances in metabolic engineering of the industrial model bacteria Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum that led to efficient recombinant biocatalysts for the production of acetate, pyruvate, ethanol, D-and L-lactate, succinate, L-lysine and L-serine.
Production of free monounsaturated fatty acids by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2014
Background: Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are the best components for biodiesel when considering the low temperature fluidity and oxidative stability. However, biodiesel derived from vegetable oils or microbial lipids always consists of significant amounts of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) alkyl esters, which hampers its practical applications. Therefore, the fatty acid composition should be modified to increase MUFA contents as well as enhancing oil and lipid production.
Metabolic engineering as a tool for enhanced lactic acid production
Trends in biotechnology, 2014
Metabolic engineering is a powerful biotechnological tool that finds, among others, increased use in constructing microbial strains for higher lactic acid productivity, lower costs and reduced pollution. Engineering the metabolic pathways has concentrated on improving the lactic acid fermentation parameters, enhancing the acid tolerance of production organisms and their abilities to utilize a broad range of substrates, including fermentable biomass-derived sugars. Recent efforts have focused on metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria as they produce high yields and have a small genome size that facilitates their genetic manipulation. We summarize here the current trends in metabolic engineering techniques and strategies for manipulating lactic acid producing organisms developed to address and overcome major challenges in the lactic acid production process.
Production of amino acids – Genetic and metabolic engineering approaches
Bioresource Technology, 2017
The biotechnological production of amino acids occurs at the million-ton scale and annually about 6 million tons of L-glutamate and L-lysine are produced by Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum strains. L-glutamate and L-lysine production from starch hydrolysates and molasses is very efficient and access to alternative carbon sources and new products has been enabled by metabolic engineering. This review focusses on genetic and metabolic engineering of amino acid producing strains. In particular, rational approaches involving modulation of transcriptional regulators, regulons, and attenuators will be discussed. To address current limitations of metabolic engineering, this article gives insights on recent systems metabolic engineering approaches based on functional tools and methods such as genome reduction, amino acid sensors based on transcriptional regulators and riboswitches, CRISPR interference, small regulatory RNAs, DNA scaffolding, and optogenetic control, and discusses future prospects.
Microbial organic acids production, biosynthetic mechanism and applications -Mini review
2017
Organic acid constitute a significant portion of the fermentation market in the world, and microbial production is an important economic alternative to chemical synthesis for many of them. Thus, in order to address the growing market demands of organic acids with the passage of time, it needs to develop new strategies or discoveries for new or novel microbial strains for high level production of commercially important organic acid such as; gluconate, malate, and citrate. In present review, through cumulative analysis of the current microbial strains and their biosynthetic mechanisms for production of these acids, we present guidelines for future developments in this fast-moving field.
Microbial Production of Industrial Proteins and Enzymes Using Metabolic Engineering
Engineering of Microbial Biosynthetic Pathways, 2020
Metabolic engineering is a field of science, which takes advantage of previously gathered information about a particular pathway in a living organism and utilizes this for the improvement of product that could be either metabolite, enzyme, or any protein. Advances in various field of science specifically r-DNA technology, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, molecular genetics as well as other protein engineering technologies had given wings to metabolic engineering. Metabolic engineering has the capacity to mold the flux of a completely enzymatic pathway to a very newly designed pathway. It allows the modulation and production of either previously working metabolite or the production of a new novel enzyme in a different microbial strain. In the present era, there is huge demand of microbial enzymes and proteins for various purposes such as medication, oil and gas industry, dairy industry, baking industry, etc. Microbial strains are utilized as micro factories for the production of microbial enzymes and proteins via metabolic engineering. Therefore, in this book chapter we are dealing with the various criteria that are utilized for the selection of the strains, various approaches that are routinely utilized for the higher expression of genes, as well as various metabolic engineering strategies.
Metabolic engineering advances and prospects for amino acid production
Metabolic Engineering, 2020
Amino acid fermentation is one of the major pillars of industrial biotechnology. The multi-billion USD amino acid market is rising steadily and is diversifying. Metabolic engineering is no longer focused solely on strain development for the bulk amino acids L-glutamate and L-lysine that are produced at the million-ton scale, but targets specialty amino acids. These demands are met by the development and application of new metabolic engineering tools including CRISPR and biosensor technologies as well as production processes by enabling a flexible feedstock concept, co-production and cocultivation schemes. Metabolic engineering advances are exemplified for specialty proteinogenic amino acids, cyclic amino acids, omega-amino acids, and amino acids functionalized by hydroxylation, halogenation and N-methylation.
Engineering of E. coli for increased production of Llactic acid
2010
An over-expressed L-ldh gene derivative of Escherichia coli BAD-ldh was developed. L-ldh gene from Enterococcus facelis KK1 consisted of an open reading frame of 954 bp encoding 316 amino acids. L-ldh gene was cloned into pBAD vector and transformed into E. coli SZ85 by electroporation. SDS-page and western blotting method confirmed the presence of recombinant L-LDH enzyme with the approximate size of 40 kD. The activity of L-lactate dehydrogenase was achieved at 170 U ml -1 . E. coli BAD85 was found to produce 0.62 g l -1 of lactic acid from 1 g l -1 of fructose in 24 h. L-ldh gene from was successfully transformed into E. coli SZ85 with the maximum production of L-lactic acid at 0.62 g l -1 .