Localization of Diuretic Action from the Pattern of Water and Electrolyte Excretion (original) (raw)
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Use of the hydrated rat to assay diuretic and antidiuretic activity of drugs
Drug Development Research, 1991
DeFelice, A., A. Harris, and A. Brousseau: Use of the hydrated rat to assay diuretic and antidiuretic activity of drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 22:95-104, 1991. This study compared oral renal excretory effects of several agents in three rat strains with that reported in man to assess predictive value of this species in cardiorenal drug development. Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar-Kyoto (WK), and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were hydrated and 3 hr urine volume, Nai, and K f were measured, Normotensive SD and WK rats responded similarly, i.e., hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and aminophylline were diuretic, while hydralazine and milrinone caused Na' retention. Accordingly, the more economical SD rat was then compared with SHR. Aminophylline (3-30 mg/kg) and the more effective HCTZ (1-30 mg/kg) achieved dose-related diuresis and kaliuresis in both strains, increasing Na+ excretion by a maximum of 5-1 4-fold, whereas the vasodilators hydralazine (3-30 mgikg) and milrinone (1-10 mg/kg) reduced Na+, K', and volume dose-relatedly with Na+ output being 5 4 0 % of control values. Verapamil promoted Na+ excretion in both strains by 1.5-to 4-fold at 30 mg/kg, but was antinatriuretic at 80 mg/kg. Conversely, nifedipine had qualitatively different effects in SHR and SD rats. That is, it elicited diuresis in the SHR at 10 mg/kg (A Na+ = + 155%) and no change in urine volume or Na+ and K ' output at 30 mgikg, whereas the Ca++-antagonist provoked dose-related volume, Na+, and K' retention in the normotensive rat with 3 hr output being ca. 15-22% of that of vehicle-treated controls. Accordingly the SD rat predicted renal effects typically seen clinically for all agents except milrinone (Cody et al.: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 39:128-135, 1986), supporting use of the economical SD rat as a primary assay for effects on renal excretion with the SHR strain reserved for assessing C a t +channel blockers in the hypertensive state.
Laboratory experience for understanding the physiological basis of diuretic therapy
Advances in Physiology Education, 1991
A combined lecture and laboratory experience was designed to enhance medical school students' understanding of the physiological basis of diuretic therapy. Studies are performed by students in anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of four clinically useful diuretics on renal function. The objective of the experience is to 1) learn the mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and adverse effects of diuretics; 2) review the renal physiology of glomerular filtration and sodium metabolism; and 3) complete analysis and interpretation of experimental data. These sessions provide an effective practical educational experience in applying the scientific method to begin to understand the physiology and pharmacology of diuretics.
Micro Determination of Some Diuretic Drugs along with its Pharmacological Activity
The development of Diuretic Drugs is used for the increased production of urine. Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of extra water and salt from your body through your pee. Because you have less total fluid in your blood vessels, like a garden hose that's not turned on all the way, the pressure inside will be lower. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump. On the basis of oxidation pattern and literature available a possible course of reaction for the preparation of Diuretic Drugs such as Diamox (Tab), synomax (Tab), Tebemid (Tab), Frusemene (Tab), Aquazide (Tab), Xenia (Tab), Kratol (Inj), Mannigyl (Inj), Aldactide (Tab) and spilactone (Tab) are discussed. Background: Diuretics refer to substances that cause loss or removal of excess water from the body in the form of urine. The specific medicines that act as diuretics which are generally referred as the "water pills". Vegetables like asparagus,tomatoes and oats etc. are certain natural diuretic. Since the discovery of thiazide diuretic in 1957, which for the first time offered the possibility of efficiently reducing blood pressure. These drugs have represented a fundamental tool for the treatment of hypertension. Moreover, placebo controlled clinical studies have documented clearly the benefit of thiazide diuretics, either given alone or combined with blockers, in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: 1-5mg of the sample were taken in 100mL stoppered conical flask followed by the addition of 5mL AHC (0.1M) reagent, prepared in 0.5N-HNO3. The reaction mixture was Introduction Rajeev Singh Baghel : 114 shaken well and allowed to react for required reaction time at room temperature (25-30ºC). The unconsumed Ce(IV) was titrated against 0.025M FAS solution using two drops fo ferroin indicator (0.001M). A blank experiment was also performed under identical conditions using all the reagents except the sample. The amount of AHC consumed for the sample was calculated with the difference in the titre values of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution for blank and actual experiments. The recovery of the sample was calculated with the amount of AHC consumed for the sample. For every sample percentage error, coefficient of variation and standard deviation were calculated. Results: The development of Diuretic Drugs is used for the increased production of urine. Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of extra water and salt from your body through your pee. Because you have less total fluid in your blood vessels, like a garden hose that's not turned on all the way, the pressure inside will be lower. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump. On the basis of oxidation pattern and literature available a possible course of reaction for the preparation of Diuretic Drugs such as Diamox (Tab), synomax (Tab), Tebemid (Tab), Frusemene (Tab), Aquazide (Tab), Xenia (Tab), Kratol (Inj), Mannigyl (Inj), Aldactide (Tab) and spilactone (Tab) are discussed. Conclusion:The development of Diuretic Drugs is used for the increased production of urine. Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of extra water and salt from your body through your pee. Because you have less total fluid in your blood vessels, like a garden hose that's not turned on all the way, the pressure inside will be lower. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump. On the basis of oxidation pattern and literature available a possible course of reaction for the preparation of Diuretic Drugs such as Diamox (Tab), synomax (Tab), Tebemid (Tab), Frusemene (Tab), Aquazide (Tab), Xenia (Tab), Kratol (Inj), Mannigyl (Inj), Aldactide (Tab) and spilactone (Tab) are discussed.
Comparative analysis of distinct diuretics through urine analysis
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2012
Diuretics are used for different diseases and are taken without knowing their adverse/side effects. To create awareness, four popular diuretics, Lasix, Spiromide, Aldactone and Conium were investigated for their effect on body. These were experimented over four volunteers with single and double doses. The urine of these volunteers was collected for analysis of sodium and potassium. The obtained results showed that the effect of medicine remained up to 6 to 12 h. In this duration, the sodium excreted value went up for a certain period and then became almost normal and same was true for potassium. The increase in dosage increased the rate of excretion of the cations and also prolonged the time period of their effects. It is concluded that although Lasix, a potential diuretic but its effects over body were also severe in terms of excretion of ions etc. Similarly, Spiromide was also noted to be a reasonably effective diuretic and its effects are totally different from Lasix in terms of excretion of ions and body weight loss. The other two medicines (Aldactone and Conium) did not show much effect upon excretion etc.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1965
A simple and concise analytical technique was developed for the determination of the kaliuretic and saluretic properties of diuretic agents in large animals. Whole body liquid scintillation counting, in conjunction with the radioactive isotopes a4Na and 42K, was utilized to determine directly the retention of the isotopes in swine during control and diuretic treatment. A radioactive tracer was orally administered and allowed to equilibrate in the animals, and control or drug treatment was initiated.