Utilizing cellulose from sugarcane bagasse mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication (original) (raw)
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Nanostructured materials from hydroxyethyl cellulose for skin tissue engineering
In this study, a novel fibrous membrane of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend was successfully fabricated by electrospinning technique and characterized. The concentration of HEC (5%) with PVA (15%) was optimized, blended in different ratios (30–50%) and electrospun to get smooth nanofibers. Nanofibrous membranes were made water insoluble by chemically cross-linking by glutaraldehyde and used as scaffolds for the skin tissue engineering. The microstructure, morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of the blended HEC/PVA nanofibrous scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, universal testing machine and thermogravimetric analysis. Cytotoxicity studies on these nanofibrous scaffolds were carried out using human melanoma cells by the MTT assays. The cells were able to attach and spread in the nanofibrous scaffolds as shown by the SEM images. These preliminary results show that these nanofibrous scaffolds that supports cell adhesion and proliferation is promising for skin tissue engineering.
Journal of Renewable Materials, 2019
Although nanocomposites have recently attracted special interest in the tissue engineering area, due to their potential to reinforce scaffolds for hard tissues applications, a number of variables must be set prior to any clinical application. This manuscript addresses the evaluation of thermo-mechanical properties and of cell proliferation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) films and their bionanocomposites with 2 wt% of CNC obtained by casting technique. Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Balsa wood by acid hydrolysis were used as a reinforcing phase in PBAT and PCL matrix films. The films and pure CNC at different concentrations were cultured with osteoblasts MG-63 and the cell proliferation was assessed by AlamarBlue ® assay. The thermal-mechanical properties of the films were evaluated by dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). It was found by DMTA that the CNC acted as reinforcing agent. The addition of CNCs in the PBAT and PCL matrices induced higher storage moduli due to the reinforcement effects of CNCs. The cell viability results showed that neat CNC favored osteoblast proliferation and both PBAT and PCL films incorporated with CNC were biocompatible and supported cell proliferation along time. The nature of the polymeric matrix or the presence of CNC practically did not affect the cell proliferation, confirming they have no in vitro toxicity. Such features make cellulose nanocrystals a suitable candidate for the reinforcement of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering and biomedical applications.
Journal of Materials Science, 2019
Nanocomposite scaffolds of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with 1, 2 and 3% (wt) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were produced by thermally induced phase separation. CNC presented an average length of 91 ± 26 nm and average diameter of 7 ± 1 nm, determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and X-ray microtomography showed porous morphology with interconnected pores, porosity between 41 and 77% and micron-sized CNC dispersion along the samples. Pore distribution after introducing CNC was less regular with an average reduction of 37% in the porosity. The compression modulus was improved about 28% for PHBV/1% CNC, 25% for PHBV/2% CNC and 63% for PHBV/3% CNC. Mouse fibroblasts attached and proliferated better on PHBV/CNC scaffolds surface than on neat PHBV or tissue culture plate controls. After 10 days of cell culture, PHBV/2% CNC sample enhanced cell proliferation with 42%, compared to neat PHBV. Therefore, the addition of CNC can improve both compressive modulus and cell proliferation, making the composite scaffold a potential candidate for tissue engineering.
PVA bio-nanocomposites: A new take-off using cellulose nanocrystals and PLGA nanoparticles
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014
The formation of a new generation of hybrid bio-nanocomposites is reported: these are intended at modulating the mechanical, thermal and biocompatibility properties of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by the combination of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with bovine serum albumin fluorescein isothiocynate conjugate (FITC-BSA). CNC were synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis, while PLGA nanoparticles were produced by a double emulsion with subsequent solvent evaporation. Firstly, binary bio-nanocomposites with different CNC amounts were developed in order to select the right content of CNC. Next, ternary PVA/CNC/NPs bio-nanocomposites were developed. The addition of CNC increased the elongation properties without compromising the other mechanical responses. Thermal analysis underlined the nucleation effect of the synergic presence of cellulose and nanoparticles. Remarkably, bio-nanocomposite films are suitable to vehiculate biopolymeric nanoparticles to adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells successfully, thus representing a new tool for drug delivery strategies.
Progress in Biomaterials, 2014
Cellulose crystals (CC) were chemically derived from jute by alkali treatment, bleaching and subsequent hydrolysis with 40 % sulfuric acid. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested sufficient removal of lignin and hemicellulose from the raw jute and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies demonstrated the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose. CC reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite was prepared by solution casting method under laminar flow. In order to maintain uniform dispersion of 3-15 % (w/w) of the CC in the composite N, N dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as a dispersant. FT-IR, XRD, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TG, DTG and DTA) and thermomechanical analyses (TMA) were used to characterize the CC and the composites. The study of tensile properties showed that tensile strength (TS) and modulus (TM) increase with increasing CC content up to 9 % and then decrease with the addition of a high content of CC (above 9 %) because of the aggregation of CCs in the composite. The highest TS (43.9 MPa) and TM (2,190 MPa) have been shown to be the composite prepared with 9 % CC and the lowest to be from pure PVA film 17.1 and 1470 MPa. In addition, the composites have showed no cytotoxicity that can also prohibit microbial growth and; hence, it can be a potential material for biomedical applications such as wound healing accelerators.
Synthesis and characterization of porous cytocompatible scaffolds from polyvinyl alcohol–chitosan
Bulletin of Materials Science
In this study, novel porous cytocompatible scaffolds with a 3D nanocomposite structure were synthesized by using nanoclay particles embedded into a biopolymer blend composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS). According to the results, the Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of nanoclay, PVA and CS in the scaffold structure. X-ray diffraction outcomes showed the enhancement of crystalline zone in the synthesized 3D scaffolds by increasing the nanoclay content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the highly porous interconnected microstructure of the scaffolds. Also, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectra verified the presence of nanoclay, PVA and CS in the sample with the highest nanoclay content. According to mechanical properties and porosity of the synthesized 3D scaffolds, compressive strength (i.e., 3.5 ± 0.2 MPa), elastic modulus (1.42 ± 0.02 GPa) and porosity (75-82%) of the sample with the highest nanoclay content was in the range of mechanical properties and porosity of a natural trabecular bone tissue. The swelling of samples in a phosphate-buffered saline solution was less than the swelling in water. In addition, increasing the content of nanoclay decreases the percentage of swelling. Outcomes of cell culture experiments confirmed that the synthesized 3D scaffolds were not toxic and the cell attachment SEM images showed a sufficient attachment of the cell to the interconnected porous structure of the sample. Results suggest that the synthesized 3D scaffold in this study possesses proper microstructure properties and no cytotoxicity to be replaced with natural bone tissues.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2018
https://www.ijert.org/preparation-and-characterization-of-polyvinyl-alcohol-alginatepva-sa-nanoscaffold-for-tissue-engineering-application https://www.ijert.org/research/preparation-and-characterization-of-polyvinyl-alcohol-alginatepva-sa-nanoscaffold-for-tissue-engineering-application-IJERTCONV6IS08004.pdf In recent years , due to the emergence of nanotechnology , researchers are highly focused on unique properties of nanoscale materials for advancing the medical field. Surgical treatment of burn injuries suffers from a limited availability of engraft able skin and is particularly suited to tissue engineering applications. Nanomaterials namely composites, metals, ceramics, polymers nanostructure surfaces features are used to treat skin burns. So we use both synthetic and biopolymers to preparing the scaffold .Nanoscaffolds, has been recognised as an efficient technique for tissue regeneration and highly recommended for skin burns. Polymers are commonly used for skin burn treatment due to their mechanical and chemical properties. Here we propose a simple method of developernent of PVA-SA nanoscaffold with good thermal ,chemical properties .since sodium alginate(SA) is a natural polymer ,it remains biocompatible and toxicity. The SEM images represents the pore's nature thereby recommend for the drug to carried. Based on the viscosity of the solution ,PVA maintains the chemical and physical resistance of the scaffold. The above result shows that PVA-SA scaffold is highly recommend for a drug delivery support tissue for skin burn application.
A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications
Polymers
Biopolymers have been used as a replacement material for synthetic polymers in scaffold forming due to its biocompatibility and nontoxic properties. Production of scaffold for tissue repair is a major part of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering techniques for scaffold forming with cellulose-based material is at the forefront of present-day research. Micro- and nanocellulose-based materials are at the forefront of scientific development in the areas of biomedical engineering. Cellulose in scaffold forming has attracted a lot of attention because of its availability and toxicity properties. The discovery of nanocellulose has further improved the usability of cellulose as a reinforcement in biopolymers intended for scaffold fabrication. Its unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties offer some important advantages over synthetic polymer materials. This review presents a critical overview of micro- and nanoscale cellulose-based materials used for scaffold prepar...
The aim of this research is to develop biocompatible nanofibrous mats using hydroxyethyl cellulose with improved cellular adhesion profiles and stability and use these fibrous mats as potential scaffold for skin tissue engineering. Glutaraldehyde was used to treat the scaffolds water insoluble as well as improve their biostability for possible use in biomedical applications. Electrospinning of hydroxyethyl cellulose (5 wt%) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (15 wt%) incorporated with and without collagen was blended at (1:1:1) and (1:1) ratios, respectively, and was evaluated for optimal criteria as tissue engineering scaffolds. The nanofibrous mats were crosslinked and characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the mean diameters of blend nanofibers were gradually increased after chemically crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was carried out to understand chemical interactions in the presence of aldehyde groups. Thermal characterization results showed that the stability of hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)/collagen nanofibers was increased with glutaraldehyde treatment. Studies on cell–scaffolds interaction were carried out by culturing human fibroblast (hFOB) cells on the nanofibers by assessing the growth, proliferation, and morphologies of cells. The scanning electron microscope results show that better cell proliferation and attachment appeared on hydroxyethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)/ collagen substrates after 7 days of culturing, thus, promoting the potential of electrospun scaffolds as a promising candidate for tissue engineering applications.
Advancement of Natural Cellulosic Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
2022
In the recent years, tissue engineering researchers have exploited a variety of biomaterials that can potentially biomimic extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue regeneration. Natural cellulose, mainly obtained from bacterial (BC) and plant-based (PC) sources, can serve as an a high potential scaffold material for different regenerative purposes. Natural cellulose has drawn the attention of researchers due to its advantage over synthetic cellulose in terms of ..., exhibiting suitable characteristics in vitro and imitating native tissues. In this article, we will review the recent in vivo and in vitro studies aimed to assess the potentials of natural cellulose for the purpose of soft (skin, nerve, among others) and hard (bone and tooth) tissue engineering.