Effect of Carbamates Pesticide on Instar I-II larvae and Adult Artemia urumiana (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of novel carbamate insecticides for neurotoxicity to non-target species
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2013
Malaria (vector: Anopheles gambiae) is a major infectious disease that kills about 1 million people each year. For the improvement of its treatment and vector control during the past decades, several issues such as high medicine cost, insecticide resistance, and lack of an effective vaccine have prevented adequate control of malaria. Additionally, the low selectivity of malaria vector insecticides also presents a public health problem. The purpose of developing novel carbamate insecticides in our laboratory is to offer effective and selective insecticide options to achieve the ultimate goal of malaria control. First, 50% inhibition concentration (IC 50) data was collected from three mammalian AChEs with eight commercial carbamate insecticides by using the Ellman assay. The IC 50 values varied from 57 nM to 7358 nM. The AChE sensitivity pattern and level were shown to be similar between the recombinant mouse and ICR male mouse brain cortex homogenate (slope = 0.99, R 2 = 0.96). Then eight novel carbamate insecticides that are possible malaria vector control agents were selected for further neurotoxicity testing in non-target organisms. For commercial carbamate insecticides, the IC 50 varied from 9.1 nM to 2,094 nM. For the novel carbamate insecticides, it varied from 58 nM to 388,800 nM. Based on IC 50 data from previous work on A. gambiae, the selectivity index (IC 50 of non-target species / IC 50 A. gambiae) ranged from 0.17 to 5.64 and from 0.47 to 19,587 for commercial and novel carbamate insecticides, respectively. Subsequently, the AChE protein sequence alignment comparison and cladogram were used to compare the genetic and evolutionary relationship among five different organisms. The alignment His instruction, advice, guidance, and support have helped me to complete my degree.
Teratology, 1979
Three insecticides, carbaryl, malathion and parathion were tested for teratogenic effects in developing medaka eggs. The concentrations of insecticides ranged from 0.5 to 40.0 parts per million (ppm). The insecticides, dissolved in acetone, were added to dishes containing 10 newly fertilized eggs and 10 ml of embryo rearing solution. Circulatory anomalies which resulted in-cluded defects in heart morphology, pericardial edema, irregular heart beat, blood clots and oscillating blood in the heart. The ED50 (effective dose) for cabaryl was 2.5 ppm; malathion, 10.0 ppm and parathion, 2.0 ppm.Limited exposure experiments were undertaken to determine possible sensitivity periods during development. These experiments, using 10 ppm carbaryl were initiated on days 0–7. Exposure lasted 24 to 96 hours. No periods of sensitivity were observed in these experiments. In a slightly varied experiment, eggs developed normally for 0–5 days, but were not removed from the insecticide once exposed. These results showed that carbaryl could cause circulatory abnormalities in 92% of the embryos which had completed cardiac morphogenesis before exposure.Combinations of malathion and carbaryl were administered to determine possible interactions. Twenty-five different combinations ranging from 0.0 to 25.0 ppm were employed. At low concentrations, combinations had slightly greater than additive effects. At higher concentrations additive and antagonistic effects were observed.The above experiments show that (a) these insecticides are teratogenic, (b) carbaryl at 10 ppm does not disrupt developmental events but rather affects-cell physiology and (c) combinations of some insecticides have an additive effect.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 2006
The inhibitory effects of four carbamate insecticides, methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan, on acetylcholinesterase of male and female Carassius auratus were investigated in the laboratory. Kinetic constants, biomolecular rate constant (k(i)), carbamylation rate constant (k2) and decarbamylation rate constant (k3) were determined in vitro. The ratios of bimolecular rate constant (female/male) for AChE reacting with methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.03, 2.44, 1.03 and 1.106, respectively. The k(i) of AChE for thiodicarb was significantly higher in female fish than in male fish (P<0.05). The ratios of carbamylation rate constant (female/male) for methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.18, 4.29, 3.53, and 2.07, respectively. The k2 values of AChE for the above four carbamates were significantly higher in females than in males. The ratios of the decarbamylation rate constant (female/male) for methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.02, 1.39, 1.06, and 1.98, respectively. Only for carbosulfan, the decarbamylation rate of AChE was significantly higher in the female than in the male, indicating that AChE of females inhibited by carbosulfan recovered more quickly than that of males. The above results suggest that the female in the sensitivity of AChE to carbamates was different from the male fish.
Proceedings: Animal Sciences, 1982
Bioassay studies reveal the toxicity levels of pesticides utilised in the area to the larvivorous fishesAplocheilus lineatus andMacropodus cupanus. The resistance of both fishes decreases with increase in period of exposure to the pesticides. Comparing the major groups of synthetic organic pesticides, the chlorinated hydrocarbons, here exemplified by DDT, are more toxic to the fishes than ekalux and malathion, the organophosphates experimented with. The carbamate sevin is the least toxic. Nevertheless, all the pesticides are ‘toxic’ to ‘very toxic’ as defined by the Joint ICMO/FAO/UNESCO/WHO group of experts, having an acute lethal threshold of below 1 to 100 mg/l.M. cupanus is the more resistant of the two fishes, probably on account of its obligate air-breathing nature, and thus its tendency to absorb less toxicant across the gills. Contrasting the susceptibility of mosquito larvae and the fishes studied to the pesticides investigated, the closeness of the LC50 values obtained inA. lineatus to that recorded in certain species of mosquito larvae indicates that whileM. cupanus could be employed in conjunction with pesticides for anti-larval work,A. lineatus should not be so utilised.
Comparative Study of pesticides effects on Artemia salina (Leach, 1819) survival and morphology
Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 2022
The use of pesticides has grown over the years and their effects on ecosystems, especially aquatic ones, have been increasingly observed. Agricultural pesticides are responsible for a large part of pollution in aquatic environments, and can reach non-target organisms, harming biodiversity. In this research, the effects of common pesticides on mortality rate and morphology of the model specie Artemia salina were evaluated. Commercial eggs of A. salina were hatched during 24-36 hours, at 37 ⸰ C. Then, nauplli were exposed to different concentrations of insecticides Bifenthrin, Imidacloprid, Diflubenzuron, and Glyphosate herbicide. The mortality rate and lethal concentrations (LC) of each pesticide were established after 24 hours of treatment. Morphological analyses were made after treatment with the LC25 and LC50 of each pesticide. The results obtained show that Bifenthrin, Imidacloprid and Glyphosate promote linear mortality of the non-target species A. salina, while for insecticide Diflubenzuron, the mortality curve followed a logarithmic model. In addition, Diflubenzuron and Glyphosate induce changes in the morphological parameters of this specie. These results contribute to highlight the harmful effects of agricultural pollutants upon aquatic invertebrates. Besides, the present study confirms that Diflubenzuron does not affect only target species, but also has negative interference with the morphology of non-target species. This result has environmental implication since several invertebrates, including those not harmful to agriculture, can contact with Diflubenzuron in agricultural places.
Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 2011
In recent times, the practice of extensive use of carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides to control the insects for the protection of crops is leading to disturbances in the reproductive physiology of non-target organism like fish. Carbamates like Carbaryl, Carbofuran and Aldicarb, and pyrethroids like Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin are abundantly in use in agricultural fields for the control of insect pests. There are numbers of references available on bioaccumulation of pollutants causing reproductive inhibition (Singh and Singh, 2008
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of carbamate insecticide on the growth of three aquatic plant species, Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratiotes and Hydrocharis dubia. These three aquatic plant species were treated with different concentrations of carbaryl and test durations. The fresh weight increase, the dry weight per fresh weight and the total chlorophyll content of the treated plants decreased with increasing concentrations of carbaryl and the test durations. The leaf injury indices of the treated plants increased with increasing concentrations of carbaryl and the test durations, while the leaf injury indices of the controls were zero. The 96-hour EC 50 values of total chlorophyll content of I. aquatica, P. stratiotes and H. dubia were 0.996, 0.785 and 0.334 g/l, respectively. Moreover, chlorosis and necrosis occurred at the leaf margin of the treated plants, then they extended into the inner portion of the leaf blade. Finally, the leaves decayed and the plants died.
Indian Journal of Animal Research
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different concentrations of the insecticide carbaryl on histological and biochemical parameters including (SOD, GSH, rGSH, CAT and MDA) on gills tissue of freshwater mussel Unio pictorum for 96 hours. Significant increase in SOD and rGSH activities was observed in a concentration- dependent manner. However, statistically significant decrease in GSH levels was observed only at highest concentration. MDA levels reached higher rate at high concentration of carbaryl treated group. Mussels show behavioral responses during exposure by exhibiting increase in duration for shell closure and increase in mucus secretion. The histopathology of gills indicated that higher doses of carbaryl resulted in massive destruction in normal architecture of gill tissue. Molluscs accumulate contaminants in their body tissues and thus are used as bio-indicator for evaluating water quality and habitat degradation.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1979
Effects of Certain Carbamate and Organophosphorous Pesticides on Isolated Organs of Pila globosa (Gastropoda). SINGH, O., AND AGARWAL, R. A. (1979). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. SO, 485492. The pharmacological actions of three carbamates, viz. Zectran, Carbaryl, Aldicarb, and two organophosphorous pesticides, viz. Formothion and Trichlorfon, have been studied on isolated heart, median dorsal radula protractor muscle, and rectum of the snail Pilaglobosa, a pest of paddy crops in India, All five pesticides altered the response to exogenously applied acetylcholine (ACh). The order of effectiveness in the case of carbamates was Zectran > Carbaryl > Aldicarb. Among the organophosphates, Formothion was more potent than Trichlorfon. Both groups of pesticides selectively showed cholinomimetic properties on the excitor or inhibitor receptors of ACh in this animal. The effect of organophosphorous compounds was found to be time dependent. The structure-activity relationship of these pesticides has been discussed.