A Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Associated Factor among Diabetic Patients (original) (raw)
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Study of Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Correlation with Risk Factors
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2018
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is increasing in our society, so are the complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy is a common cause of preventable blindness. We have taken a total of 1053 diabetic patients in our tertiary centre and studied 302 patients of Diabetic retinopathy diagnosed in the Department of Ophthalmology as a cross-sectional institution-based descriptive study from April 2016 to October 2017 in our tertiary care centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 302 patients of diabetic retinopathy and graded them into five grades of retinopathy. The severity of retinopathy is correlated with age, sex, duration of diabetes mellitus, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, albuminuria, smoking status and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Among the 302 diabetic retinopathy patients, there is a male predominance among diabetics. Females outnumbered males in the diabetic retinopathy group. Female preponderance in DR is not significant. There is an age-related increase in diabetic retinopathy, but the values are not statistically significant. 60% of our patients of DR are agricultural labourers in our study. Average age of diabetic retinopathy patients in our study is around 54. Duration of diabetes increased the prevalence of DR, but the values are not significant in our study. Systolic blood pressure, albuminuria and smoking history correlated with severity of DR (p-value < 0.05). BMI, alcoholism and diastolic blood pressure did not correlate with severity of diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSION There is a statistically significant correlation between severity of Diabetic retinopathy and systolic blood pressure, albuminuria and smoking. Other factors like female preponderance, higher BMI, diastolic blood pressure and alcohol intake were high among patients of diabetic retinopathy, but the values did not show statistically significant correlation with the severity of diabetic retinopathy.
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2015
Diabetic retinopathy is a microangiopathy primarily affecting pre-capillary venules, although larger vessels may also be involved. Retinopathy exhibits features of both microvascular occulusion and leakage. Diabetic maculopathy is the most common cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients. AIMS To asses the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients. To find the correlation of diabetic retinopathy with various risk factors. SETTING AND DESIGN Hospital based prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detailed history with visual acuity, slit lamp examination, fundus examination, IOP and Gonioscopy were recorded. INVESTIGATIONS Blood sugar (F) and (PP), Lipid profile, Hb1ac. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Chi-square test and Fisher exact test. Crude Odds' ratio for strength of association. RESULTS Prevalence of DR was found to be 72%: NPDR (59.3%), PDR (5.4%) and maculopathy (7.3%). Chances of retinopathy were found to be more with increased duration of diabetes. Males were found to have more chances of developing retinopathy. No significant association with increased IOP, hypertension or altered lipid profile was found. CONCLUSION Diabetic retinopathy risk in diabetic patients depends on age, sex, duration of diabetes, blood sugar (F) levels, altered renal function and also on types of diabetes.
International Journal of Diabetes and Clinical Research
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of type 2 diabetes resulting from long-term accumulated damage to retinal blood vessels and one of the life-threatening complications and is the most common cause of acquired blindness in adults and it affects 93 million people worldwide. DR is the principal cause of blindness in adults of working age and responsible for a worsening in quality of life despite preventable and treatable causes. To date, most of the epidemiological research on DR in Ethiopia has been limited to prevalence estimates from cross-sectional studies. This study determined the incidence of retinopathy and its predictors among type 2 diabetic patients Methods: Hospital-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 420 adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019. Data were extracted from medical records and entered into Epi info version7.2.2.6and exported to Stata 14 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard model were used to identify predictors of diabetic retinopathy. In a multivariable analysis variable having a p-value < 0.05 in the Cox; PH model was considered as predictors of diabetic retinopathy. Results: Overall, 19.5% (95% CI; 16.2-23.8) of the study population developed diabetic retinopathy, with a median survival time of 30.4 months. Congestive heart failure [AHR: 2.53 (95% CI; 1.49, 4.29)], chronic kidney disease [AHR: 5.02(95% CI; 2.73, 9.26)], hypertension [AHR: 2.07(95% CI; 1.17, 2.89)], and HBA1c [AHR: 10.5 (95% CI; 5.6, 19.6)] were found to be predictors of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion and recommendation: The incidence of diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetes patients was high in this study area. Especial emphasis should be given for patients with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, high baseline BP (> 140/90 mmHg) and high baseline HBA1c (≥ 7%).
Background: diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and a primary leading cause of irreversible visual impairment. Timely risk based screening of DR progression is crucial. Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted between October-December 2016 at Diabetic Center, Taif city by assessing fundus photographs of type 2 Diabetics. Furthermore, we analysed the DR potential risk factors including demographic, duration of diabetes, [HbA1c], type of anti-diabetic drugs, dyslipidemia, [BMI]. Results: a total of 213 diabetic patient were included, 34 (16%) have DR with mean years of age 54.14 (13.12) and males were 19 (55.88%) and females 15 (44.12%). its mean of duration was 4.4 (4.5) months. DM duration's mean was 15.6 year and SD was (10.26). Also, HbA1c mean (SD) was 8.11 (1.99). HbA1c% mean (SD) was 8.57 (1.88). Insulin only was the management of DM in 8 (23.53%) while oral hypoglycemic drugs only were used by 6 (17.65%) and the use of both was the treatment of 19 (55.88%) patients. Systematic diseases as dyslipidemia, hypercholesteremia and hypertension were prevalent among 15 (44.12%), 5 (14.17%) and 11 (32.35%) patients; respectively. Nephropathy presented in 12 (35.29%) patients. There were no underweight patients, 4 (2.23%) normal, 19 (55.88%) obese and 11 (32.35%) overweight. We conducted multivariate analysis of variance (MANOA) to compare the effect of age, duration of DM, HGA1c%, TRIGLYCERIDE (mg/dl), LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl), diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and GFR on the prevalence of DR. Also , A univariate analysis of variances (two-way ANOVA) was also conducted for each dependent variable. Conclusion: Among the participating patients , our study showed a high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy especially with male patints , high (HbA1c) and longer duration of diabetes. We have recommended a national plan for educational programs about diabetic retinopathy and important of Eye examination .Also,our study showed that certain risk factors may enhance the progression of DR. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of risk based screening for DR.
2013
Objective: To assess the association of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) with type and duration of Diabetes Mellitus, mode of treatment and glycaemic control. Methods: An observational study was carried out. Patients with the diagnosis of either Type1, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type 2, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were enrolled into the study through non-probability, convenient sampling method from Jinnah Medical College Hospital Karachi from July 2012 to March 2013. Thorough history and physical examination was done on each patient. Glycaemic control was assessed by glycosylated Hb level (HbAIc). All information so collected was entered into a proforma. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 108 patients were examined. Out of these, 33 (30.6%) had Type 1 and 75 (69.4%) had Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1 group, 18 (54.5%) were female while in Type 2 group, 37 p atients (49.3%) were female. In Type 1 group, 60.6% (n=20) had DR comp ar...
THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETES POPULATION
Community Practitioner, 2023
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and visual impact of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in Hazara, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2023. The sample consisted of 1332 patients who attended the Outpatient Department for eye examination, with 133 (10%) identified as diabetics. Parameters such as glycemic control, HbA1C levels, comorbidities, family history, medication, lifestyle factors, and ocular manifestations were analyzed. Results: The study indicated that 73.01% of diabetic patients had uncontrolled glycemic levels. The prevalence of refractive errors was high (84.12%), and the incidence of DR was significant, with 6.34% having proliferative DR. The findings also emphasized lifestyle factors, including screen usage and spectacle usage patterns. In addition, weight-height proportions and a family history of diabetes were associated with the incidence of DR. Conclusion: The high prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes and significant incidence of DR underscores the urgent need for improved diabetes management and regular screenings for early detection of DR. The results advocate for prioritizing regular health checkups, enhancing public health strategies, and improving accessibility to healthcare facilities, particularly in rural regions.
Clinical spectrum of diabetic retinopathy and its correlation with risk factors
International Journal of Medical Ophthalmology, 2021
Objectives: To study the clinical spectrum of diabetic retinopathy and its correlation with its risk factors.Material and Methods: A prospective, cross sectional and unmasked study was done in patients of diabetes mellitus presenting in OPD of RIO, PGIMS Rohtak. Total 60 patients were included in the study which were divided into 3 groups each of 20 patients, based on the duration of DM: Group A 10 years. Staging of retinopathy was done on the basis of International diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema severity scale. Demographical factors like age and sex were correlated with duration of DM. Various clinical forms of diabetic retinopathy ranging from no apparent DR to severe NPDR to PDR were correlated to different laboratory parameters like degree of hyperglycemia, Hb, lipid profile, blood pressure, renal function tests to ascertain correlation between them.Results: Total prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in our study was 56.66%. Males were at higher risk in comparison...
Correlation of Risk Factors with Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy - A Retrospective Study
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes. It is the most common cause of blindness in the working-age population in developed countries. We wanted to analyse the correlation between risk factors of blindness like duration of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, HbA1c with severity of diabetic retinopathy in order to design appropriate strategies for prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS This was a retrospective study of all diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy who presented to the eye OPD at KS Hegde Medical Academy from April 1st 2018 to March 31st 2019 that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A dilated fundus examination was done to note the grade of diabetic retinopathy. The demographic data along with the duration of diabetes, HbA1c values, Cholesterol levels and Blood pressure were documented and correlated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS The study included 92 patients, of which 63 were males and 29 were females with a mean age of 54.5±2.8 years. We found that there was statistically significant association between the duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels with severity of diabetic retinopathy (p= 0.022 and 0.034 association), whereas there was no statistically significant correlation between blood pressure and cholesterol levels with severity of diabetic retinopathy (p= 0.52 and 0.456 respectively) CONCLUSIONS Diabetic retinopathy showed a male preponderance, with risk factors like duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels having a significant association with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, it is essential to have a good systemic control of diabetes with diet and suitable medications. Diabetic retinopathy is a preventable cause of blindness when diagnosed early and screening of diabetic retinopathy must be done in all diabetics to prevent the progression of the disease.
The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2015
The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) among type 2 diabetics in Thailand. We conducted a hospital based case-control study in Nakhon Nayok Province, between August 2008 and July 2010. The subjects were comprised of 230 cases (with DR) and 230 controls (without DR) who were gender and age matched. All subjects were interviewed and their medical records were reviewed. Seventy-five percent of subjects were married and 42% were aged 60-69 years. Fifty-five percent had a primary school education, 27% had no occupation and 67% had family income > 10,000 Baht per month. On multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with DR were: having a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 141-160 mg/dl, 161-180 mg/dl and > 180 mg/dl [OR = 7.23; 95% confidence interval CI: 2.80-18.72; OR = 4.33; 95% CI: 1.66-11.33, and OR = 3.76; 95% CI: 1.39-10.18], having a HbA1c > 9% (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.15-4.43), having a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (OR =...
Correlates of diabetic retinopathy: A case study
2019
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide particularly in developing countries as according to International Diabetes Federation, globally a rise from 451 million diabetic people in 2017 to 693 million in 2045 is expected. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major consequences of diabetes mellitus, so knowing its risk factors can be very helpful. For identifying the risk factors of the Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in Faisalabad and to determine whether DR is more caused by type 1 or type 2 diabetes, a cross-sectional study was conducted at major hospitals in Faisalabad district during February-July 2016. Descriptive statistics were used for initial screening of the significant variables. Then binary logistic regression was applied to measure the influence of different factors on likelihood of DR. Using Odds Ratio (OR) from logistic regression as measure of influence, the problem of DR was found to be higher among males (OR=1.913; 95% C.I, 1.072~3.413), married patients (OR...