Autocrine IGF2 programmes β-cell plasticity under conditions of increased metabolic demand (original) (raw)
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Mesenchyme-derived IGF2 is a major paracrine regulator of pancreatic growth and function
Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology, 2021
The genetic mechanisms that determine the size of the adult pancreas are poorly understood. Imprinted genes, which are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, are known to have important roles in development, growth and metabolism. However, our knowledge regarding their roles in the control of pancreatic growth and function remains limited. Here we show that many imprinted genes are highly expressed in pancreatic mesenchyme-derived cells and explore the role of the paternally-expressed insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene in mesenchymal and epithelial pancreatic lineages using a newly developed conditional Igf2 mouse model. Mesenchyme-specific Igf2 deletion results in acinar and beta-cell hypoplasia, postnatal whole-body growth restriction and maternal glucose intolerance during pregnancy, suggesting that the mesenchyme is a developmental reservoir of IGF2 used for paracrine signalling. The unique actions of mesenchymal IGF2 are demonstrated by the absence of any discernible growth or functional phenotypes upon Igf2 deletion in the developing pancreatic epithelium. Additionally, increased IGF2 levels specifically in the mesenchyme, through conditional Igf2 loss-of-imprinting or Igf2r deletion, leads to pancreatic acinar overgrowth. Furthermore, ex-vivo exposure of primary acinar cells to exogenous IGF2 activates AKT, a key signalling node, and increases their number and amylase production. Based on these findings, we propose that mesenchymal Igf2, and perhaps other imprinted genes, are key developmental regulators of adult pancreas size and function.
Mesenchymal Igf2 is a major paracrine regulator of pancreatic growth and function
2019
The genetic mechanisms that determine the size of the adult pancreas are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that many imprinted genes are highly expressed in the pancreatic mesenchyme, and explore the role of Igf2 in-vivo. Mesenchyme-specific Igf2 deletion results in acinar and beta-cell hypoplasia, postnatal whole-body growth restriction and maternal glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Surprisingly, mesenchymal mass is unaffected, suggesting that the mesenchyme is a developmental reservoir of IGF2 used for paracrine signalling. The unique actions of mesenchymal IGF2 are demonstrated by the absence of phenotypes upon Igf2 deletion in the developing pancreatic epithelium. Furthermore, increased IGF2 activity specifically in the mesenchyme, through Igf2 loss-of-imprinting or Igf2r deletion, leads to pancreatic acinar overgrowth. Ex-vivo exposure of primary acinar cells to exogenous IGF2 increases cell proliferation and amylase production through AKT signalling. We propose that m...
Cells
When originally discovered, one of the initial observations was that, when all of the insulin peptide was depleted from serum, the vast majority of the insulin activity remained and this was due to a single additional peptide, IGF-II. The IGF-II gene is adjacent to the insulin gene, which is a result of gene duplication, but has evolved to be considerably more complicated. It was one of the first genes recognised to be imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. The gene codes for IGF-II mRNA, but, in addition, also codes for antisense RNA, long non-coding RNA, and several micro RNA. Recent evidence suggests that each of these have important independent roles in metabolic regulation. It has also become clear that an alternatively spliced form of the insulin receptor may be the principle IGF-II receptor. These recent discoveries have important implications for metabolic disorders and also for cancer, for which there is renewed acknowledgement of the importance of m...
Defective insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells lacking type 1 IGF receptor
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2002
Defective insulin secretion is a feature of type 2 diabetes that results from inadequate compensatory increase of β cell mass and impaired glucose-dependent insulin release. β cell proliferation and secretion are thought to be regulated by signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases. In this regard, we sought to examine the potential proliferative and/or antiapoptotic role of IGFs in β cells by tissuespecific conditional mutagenesis ablating type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) signaling. Unexpectedly, lack of functional IGF1R did not affect β cell mass, but resulted in age-dependent impairment of glucose tolerance, associated with a decrease of glucose-and arginine-dependent insulin release. These observations reveal a requirement of IGF1R-mediated signaling for insulin secretion. Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest has been declared. Nonstandard abbreviations used: phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase); insulin receptor substrate (IRS); type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R); insulin receptor (IR); 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU); embryonic day (E).
Total insulin and IGF-I resistance in pancreatic β cells causes overt diabetes
Nature Genetics, 2006
An appropriate b cell mass is pivotal for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis 1 . Both insulin and IGF-1 are important in regulation of b cell growth and function (reviewed in ref. 2). To define the roles of these hormones directly, we created a mouse model lacking functional receptors for both insulin and IGF-1 only in b cells (bDKO), as the hormones have overlapping mechanisms of action and activate common downstream proteins. Notably, bDKO mice were born with a normal complement of islet cells, but 3 weeks after birth, they developed diabetes, in contrast to mild phenotypes observed in single mutants 3,4 . Normoglycemic 2-week-old bDKO mice manifest reduced b cell mass, reduced expression of phosphorylated Akt and the transcription factor MafA, increased apoptosis in islets and severely compromised b cell function. Analyses of compound knockouts showed a dominant role for insulin signaling in regulating b cell mass. Together, these data provide compelling genetic evidence that insulin and IGF-I-dependent pathways are not critical for development of b cells but that a loss of action of these hormones in b cells leads to diabetes. We propose that therapeutic improvement of insulin and IGF-I signaling in b cells might protect against type 2 diabetes.
Non-imprinted Igf2r expression decreases growth and rescues the Tme mutation in mice
Development, 2001
In the mouse the insulin-like growth factor receptor type 2 gene (Igf2r) is imprinted and maternally expressed. Igf2r encodes a trans-membrane receptor that transports mannose-6-phosphate tagged proteins and insulin-like growth factor 2 to lysosomes. During development the receptor reduces the amount of insulin-like growth factors and thereby decreases embryonic growth. The dosage of the gene is tightly regulated by genomic imprinting, leaving only the maternal copy of the gene active. Although the function of Igf2r in development is well established, the function of imprinting the gene remains elusive. Gene targeting experiments in mouse have demonstrated that the majority of genes are not sensitive to gene dosage, and mice heterozygous for mutations generally lack phenotypic alterations. To investigate whether reduction of Igf2r gene dosage by genomic imprinting has functional consequences for development we generated a non-imprinted allele (R2Δ). We restored biallelic expression ...
Parental imprinting of rat insulin-like growth factor II gene promoters is coordinately regulated
The Journal of biological chemistry, 1994
The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene is parentally imprinted in the mouse and human species. By following the inheritance of natural polymorphisms of IGF-II mRNA, we demonstrated that the tissue-specific parental imprinting of the IGF-II gene is conserved in the rat. The expression of the paternal IGF-II allele exceeded by more than 3 orders of magnitude that of the maternal allele in livers of 3-day-old Wistar x Fisher interstrain rat crosses. In contrast, the two alleles were both expressed in the rat central nervous system, which is also the only district of the organism where this gene is active in adult rodents. We also analyzed the allelic usage of the three IGF-II promoters, which generate alternatively spliced transcripts, and showed that parental imprinting of all transcription starts sites is coordinately regulated since P1, P2, and P3 are all repressed on the maternal allele in neonatal rat liver, and all of them are activated on both alleles in the choroid ple...
Diabetologia, 1995
A highly differentiated rat glucose-responsive insulin producing cell line INS-1 expresses high levels of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II). Basal levels of IGF-II gene mRNA were expressed in cells cultured at 1–6 mmol/l glucose. At glucose concentrations of 10–20 mmol/l, IGF-II mRNA was increased more than threefold after 44 h of incubation. Levels of IGF-II mRNA in INS-1 cells incubated at 5.6 and 20 mmol/l glucose in the presence of 4 Μg/ml actinomycin D are comparable and are not reduced during 20 h of treatment, indicating the high stability of IGF-II mRNA in this cell line. From the three rat IGF-II promoters, promoter 3 is by far the most active in INS-1 cells. The IGF-II promoter 3 activity and IGF-II mRNA production at high glucose concentrations increased threefold over their respective levels at low glucose concentration, suggesting that the glucose-induced IGF-II gene expression in this beta-cell line might be transcriptionally controlled. The up-regulation of IGF-II mRNA by glucose was not due to the increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels or protein kinase C activation. A protein kinase C activator had no effect on IGF-II gene expression, and an adenylate cyclase activator (forskolin), suppressed the stimulatory effects of glucose on the IGF-II mRNA. Under all the experimental conditions examined, the IGF-II and insulin genes were differentially regulated in INS-1 cells. The IGF-II gene expression and DNA synthesis, however, were regulated in parallel, suggesting that these two cellular activities are closely associated.