The effect of acid variation on physical and chemical characteristics of cellulose isolated from Saccharum officinarum L. Bagasse (original) (raw)
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Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is abundantly available agro-waste world-wide and has been used in different applications and its utilization as a source of cellulose attracting attention in the area of biomedical and other applications. The present study investigates the surface morphology, topography, structural, elemental and thermal properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted by acid-hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste. Morphological (field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)), structural (fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD)), elemental analysis (energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDX)) and thermal characterization (TG-DTG-DTA) of CNCs was carried out. Morphological characterization clearly showed the formation of rodshaped CNCs having size in the range of 250-480 nm (length) and 20-60 nm (diameter). Elemental analysis (EDX) showed 0.72 wt% sulfur impurity in CNCs along with other main components. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis revealed that CNCs have higher crystallinity (72.5%) than that of chemically purified cellulose (CPC) (63.5%) but have lower thermal stability. These lab extracted CNCs supposed to have a high potential as nanoreinforcement into bionanocomposite for biomedical and other value-added products in industrial applications.
Comparison of Cellulose Extraction from Sugarcane Bagasse Through Alkali
This article investigated the cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse by five different extraction mercerization methods. The comparison of the methods gives a clearer picture of that is more effective and feasible for production of SCB cellulose. All the celluloses were characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM). All the methods led to white material resembling pure cellulose due to removal of non-cellulosic constituents as can be seen by disappearance of aromatic bands. The removal indicated a decrease in diameter and improved thermal stability in most methods. The materials in general stand a better chance of competing as fillers for polymeric composites.
Extraction of Cellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse Optimization and Characterization
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
In this study, cellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) through a convenient five-step treatment, and procedures were performed. During the alkaline curing process of the extraction of cellulose, NaOH has a concentration of (0.5, 1.5, 2.75, and 4%) and the extraction time (15, 30, and 45 min) at a constant temperature of 120°C were taken as variables and perfectly optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) for cellulose with the highest product. The optimum conditions were found to be 2.75% NaOH, 120°C, and 45 min with a cellulose yield of 73.71 ± 0.67% cellulose, 17.22 ± 0.82% hemicellulose, and 9.07 ± 0.95% lignin. Though most of the lignin was eliminated during the alkaline and dilute acid pretreatment process, the remaining lignin was removed by a solution treatment of 4% NaOH, and 21.92% H2O2 at 121°C for 44.97 min where the cellulose yield was found as 89.75 ± 0.64%, hemicellulose was 6.15 ± 0.83%, and lignin was 2.65 ± 0.66%. Morphological analysis revealed t...
21st Regional Symposium on Chemical Engineering 2014, Taylor's University, Malaysia
As a renewable material, Sugarcane-bagasse fibre waste, has a huge potential as raw material for production of the High Refined Cellulose (HRC) and the cellulose chemicals derivatives such as Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose -emulsifier, cellulose-acetate addesive, nitrocellulose coating agent, and nitrocellulose membrane filter. The objective of the study is to find out the optimal process conditions of the chemical conversion of the Sugarcane-bagasse fibre waste to the HRC. The experiments were carried out in a 1000 mL reactor capacity, equipped with stirrer and temperature controller. Three-steps atmospheric processes were involved, firstly using nitric acid solution at 80oC for 2 hours, following by the second step using sodium hydroxide at 80oC for 2 hours and finishing using hydrogen peroxide at 80oC, 30-300 min in the third step . The HRC quality was indicated by its cellulose content. The result shows that the HRC product with cellulose content of higher than 90% were succesfully performed using a three-steps of the sugarcane-bagasse fiber delignification process. The optimal process condition of the sugarcane-bagasse fiber conversion to the HRC were achieved at 80oC at atmospheric pressure with a combinations of the 5% HNO3 with ratio of HNO3 /bagasse of 20 mL/g and 2N NaOH with ratio of NaOH/bagasse of 20 mL/g and 10% H2O2 for 5 hours.
Structural changes in sugarcane bagasse cellulose caused by enzymatic hydrolysis
Journal of Wood Science
Cellulose I is not completely saccharified to glucose at a low cellulase concentration. In this study, sugarcane cellulose saccharification residues were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the cellulose microfibrils became shorter in the early stages of saccharification and gradually became narrower. The degree of polymerization also decreased in the early stages of saccharification. Cellulose saccharification residues were deuterated by immersing them in deuterium oxide. Infra-red spectra of the deuterated residues indicated that the deuterated hydroxyl group ratio decreased as saccharification progressed. This indicated that cellulose microfibrils were hydrolyzed in their hydrophobic planes by cellulase as if the surfaces were scraped. The increase of hydrophobic planes caused microfibril aggregation, poor accessibility of cellulase to the microfibrils, and a low saccharification rate.
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2021
This study was carried out to investigate the extraction of cellulose acetate (CA) from cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) twigs and sugarcane (Saccharum o cinarum) bagasse using an environmentally friendly method. At rst, cellulose was extracted from cajuput twigs (CT) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) through prehydrolysis followed by soda (NaOH) pulping and elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching. Later, the extracted cellulose was acetylated using iodine (I) as a catalyst. The obtained CA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. FTIR and NMR analysis proved the replacement of free OH (hydroxyl) groups by acetyl groups. The degree of substitution (DS) showed the acetylation capability of cellulose extracted from CT and SB as well. The diameter of CA and its crystallinity index (CrI) were measured by SEM and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The diameter of CA extracted from CT was approximately 10 μm and it was approximately 20 to 30 μm for SB. The CrI of the CA extracted from SB and CT was 75.6 and 60.2, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal gravimetric analysis showed that CA extracted from CT and SB was thermal resistance. Therefore, CT and SB will be potential alternative resources for CA production using the mentioned medthod. Highlights Cellulose acetate was successfully synthesized from cajuput twigs and sugarcane bagasse. FTIR and 1H NMR analysis con rmed the synthesis of cellulose acetate. Extracted cellulose acetate was thermally stable and higher crystallinity. Degree of substitution (DS) con rmed the capability of easier acetylation. Environmentally friendly approach, i.e., prehydrolysis, iodine as catalyst showed suitability for the synthesis of cellulose acetate.
SUGARCANE BAGASSE PULPING and BLEACHING: THERMAL and CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Bioresources, 2011
Cellulose fibers were isolated from sugarcane bagasse in three stages. Initially sugarcane bagasse was subjected to a pre-treatment process with hydrolyzed acid to eliminate hemicellulose. Whole cellulosic fibers thus obtained were then subjected to a two-stage delignification process and finally to a bleaching process. The chemical structure of the resulting cellulose fibers was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the effects of hydrolysis, delignification, and bleaching on the structure of the fibers. Two different thermal analysis techniques were used to study the bleaching cellulose fibers. These techniques confirmed that cellulose fibers were isolated from sugarcane bagasse. A future goal is to use these fibers as reinforcement elements in composites, organic-inorganic hybrid, and membranes for nanofiltration.
Investigation into the physical–chemical properties of chemically pretreated sugarcane bagasse
Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the major steps involved in the conversion of sugarcane bagasse into ethanol. Pretreatments break down macrostructures in order to improve the enzyme access to the targeted glycosidic bonds. This study reports on the use of thermoanalytic techniques together with other different techniques for the verification of the structural and morphological changes occurred in sugarcane bagasse subjected to acid and alkaline pretreatments. The techniques evaluated differences in the BET and BJH surface areas, diameter and pore volume investigated by porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and wettability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DTA) was also used to evaluate the thermal degradation of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin contents that remained in the samples after pretreatments. The results show that chemical pretreatments were effective in the degradation of lignocellulosic samples and significant morphological changes occurred after the pretreatments. Acid and alkaline pretreatments caused an increase in the surface area, diameter and volume of pores. Wettability also revealed important effects regarding surface changes of the biomasses. In summary, all tested pretreatments were effective to chemically degrade the macrostructures of sugarcane bagasse that hinder enzymatic hydrolysis in, for instance, the second-generation ethanol production. Graphical Abstract & Glauber Cruz().,-volV) (0123456789().,-volV)
The structural changes, lignin content and enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated bagasse from 19 varieties of sugarcane were investigated. Chemical compositions varied significantly between the materials. Glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis also differed significantly among the samples. The differences in glucose yields were not eliminated by increasing the pretreatment severity. Glucose yield showed a positive correlation with total dye and orange dye adsorption, whereas with blue dye adsorption it showed a weak correlation. The crystallinity index increased with the increasing pretreatment severity as a result of the removal of the amorphous components of the biomass. The degree of polymerization decreased with the increase in pretreatment severity. However, the change in either crystallinity index or degree of polymerization did not correlate with glucose yield. The results suggest that the lignin modification/real-location is a key factor for improving cellulose accessibility of sugarcane bagasse.