Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipidic profile of healthy Mexican volunteers (original) (raw)
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British Journal of Nutrition, 2012
There is convincing evidence that consumption of fish and fish oil rich in long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA), EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) reduce the risk of CHD. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 LCPUFA-enriched food products provide similar beneficial effects as fish oil with regard to incorporation into plasma lipids and effects on cardiovascular risk markers. A parallel 7-week intervention trial was performed where 159 healthy men and women were randomised to consume either 34 g fish pâté (n 44), 500 ml fruit juice (n 38) or three capsules of concentrated fish oil (n 40), all contributing to a daily intake of approximately 1 g EPA and DHA. A fourth group did not receive any supplementation or food product and served as controls (n 37). Plasma fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured. Compared with the control group, plasma n-3 LCPUFA and EPA:arachidonic acid ratio increased equally in all intervention groups. However, no significant changes in blood lipids and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were observed. In conclusion, enriched fish pâté and fruit juice represent suitable delivery systems for n-3 LCPUFA. However, although the dose given is known to reduce the risk of CVD, no significant changes were observed on cardiovascular risk markers in this healthy population.
Fish, fish oils, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular health
Epidemiological studies Modern industrialised societies are characterised by a high intake of saturated, omega-6 PUFA and trans fatty acids, and a low intake of n-3 PUFA. The ratio of n-6:n-3 in the Palaeolithic period has been estimated as 0.79, which is similar to that in Crete before 1960. 54,55 In contrast, in the USA and Northern Europe, the ratio is currently about 15:1. 55,56 Both the absolute amount of n-3 PUFA (especially marine n-3 PUFA) and the n-6:n-3 ratio seem to be important for health. 57 More than a dozen studies in populations with a moderate to high prevalence of CHD have confirmed the findings from early studies of Chinese and Greenland Eskimos: a high intake of fish is associated with low CHD mortality. 58,59 An inverse relationship between fish consumption and CHD was documented in China nearly four decades ago. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing noted that the lowest incidence of CHD was in fishermen from the Choushan archipelago. 60 Nomads consuming predominantly animal fat in Xinjiang province had an eight times higher incidence of CHD than the average population. 61 The beneficial association between fish intake and low rates of CHD in China was confirmed in the prospective study from Shanghai, 62 which involved 18,224 subjects over 12 years. At about the same time as the Chinese studies, Bang and Dyerberg s studies of Greenland Eskimos also suggested that seafood, rich in marine n-3 PUFA, prevents CHD and stroke. 63-65 Their seminal studies, coupled with the emerging understanding of prostaglandin metabolism, opened up a new research area.
Relations between n−3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001
Background: Epidemiologic evidence shows an inverse relation between fish consumption and death from ischemic heart disease. This beneficial effect is attributed to nϪ3 fatty acids. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between plasma phospholipid concentrations of the nϪ3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and various cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers. Design: The study population consisted of 1460 subjects aged 18-74 y who participated in the 1990 Quebec Heart Health and Nutrition Survey. Data were obtained through home interviews and clinic visits. Results: Expressed as the percentage of total fatty acids in plasma phospholipids, the geometric means of EPA, DHA, and their combination were 0.47%, 1.19%, and 1.70%, respectively. Concentrations of nϪ3 fatty acids were positively associated with fish intake. We found positive associations between EPA and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, plasma glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We found positive associations between DHA and total cholesterol, the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, systolic blood pressure, and plasma glucose and insulin. We also found positive associations between the ratio of EPA to arachidonic acid and total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure and a negative association with the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Our results indicate that concentrations of EPA and DHA in plasma phospholipids reflected Quebecer fish consumption. Results also show that EPA and the ratio of EPA to arachidonic acid can positively influence HDL-cholesterol concentrations.
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2006
For many years, clinical and animal studies on polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those from marine oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5,n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3), have reported the impact of their beneficial effects on both health and diseases. Among other things, they regulate lipid levels, cardiovascular and immune functions as well as insulin action. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are vital components of the phospholipids of membrane cells and serve as important mediators of the nuclear events governing the specific gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and adipogenesis. Besides, dietary n-3 PUFAs seem to play an important protecting role against the adverse symptoms of the Plurimetabolic syndrome. This review highlights some recent advances in the understanding of metabolic and molecular mechanisms concerning the effect of dietary PUFAs (fish oil) and focuses on the prevention and/or improvement of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose homeostasis, diabetes and obesity in experimental animal models, with some extension to humans. D
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009
Background: The association of serum polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with lipids in different populations is not known. Objective: Our aim was to examine the association of serum n26 (omega-6) or n23 (omega-3) PUFAs with triglycerides or HDLcholesterol concentrations in 261 white, 285 Japanese, and 212 Japanese American men aged 40-49 y. Design: We used a population-based cross-sectional study. Of the original sample (n = 926), those taking lipid-lowering medications or who had diabetes (n = 168) were excluded. Serum fatty acids were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Multiple regression models as a function of tertile groups of each PUFA were used. Results: Serum n26 PUFAs were significantly inversely associated with triglycerides across populations after adjustment for age, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, and ethanol consumption [b = 20.39 (P , 0.001), 20.38 (P , 0.001), and 20.33 (P , 0.001) in whites, Japanese, and Japanese Americans, respectively]. Marine n23 PUFAs were significantly inversely associated with triglycerides across populations [b = 20.15 (P , 0.001), 20.22 (P , 0.001), and 20.13 (P , 0.001) in whites, Japanese, and Japanese Americans, respectively]. n26 PUFAs were significantly positively associated with HDL cholesterol in whites (b = 4.49, P , 0.001) and Japanese (b = 3.73, P , 0.01). Marine n23 PUFAs were significantly positively associated with HDL cholesterol in Japanese (b = 2.15, P , 0.05), and eicosapentaenoic acid was significantly positively associated with HDL cholesterol in whites (b = 2.68, P , 0.01). Conclusion: Serum n26 and n23 PUFAs are inversely associated with triglycerides across populations.