Wound Healing Process, Phases of Wound Healing and Risk Factors: A Review (original) (raw)
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European Surgical Research, 2012
The skin is the biggest organ of the human being and has many functions. Therefore, the healing of a skin wound displays an extraordinary mechanism of cascading cellular functions which is unique in nature. As healing and regeneration processes take place in all parts of the human body, this review focuses on the healing processes of the skin and highlights the classical wound healing phases. While regeneration describes the specific substitution of the tissue, i.e. the superficial epidermis, mucosa or fetal skin, skin repair displays an unspecific form of healing in which the wound heals by fibrosis and scar formation. The first stage of acute wound healing is dedicated to hemostasis and the formation of a provisional wound matrix, which occurs immediately after injury and is completed after some hours. Furthermore, this phase initiates the inflammatory process. The inflammatory phase of the wound healing cascade gets activated during the coagulation phase and can roughly be divide...
The Physiology of Wound Healing: Injury Through Maturation
Surgical Clinics of North America, 2009
The physiology of wound healing is repeatedly described in medical literature. Most classic descriptions of wound healing consist of three phases: inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. However, the three phases of wound healing are not discrete events. The true complexity of healing evolves with increasing knowledge of cellular interactions and inflammatory mediators. The stages of wound healing occur both sequentially and simultaneously. Several variations exist in the recent literature, trying to create a framework for the molecular biology and cellular physiology of the healing process. The following description of wound healing provides a general summary of the events, cellular components, and influential mediators of wound healing over time. INJURY The initiation of healing starts with the creation of a wound. A wound is defined as an injury to the body that typically involves laceration or breaking of a membrane and damage to the underlying tissues. 1 Injury can occur from any number of mechanical or thermal forces that lead to disruption of the skin and damage to the connective tissue and vasculature. Bleeding ensues along with exposure of collagen, endothelium, and intravascular and extravascular proteins. This environment serves as a stimulus for hemostasis. HEMOSTASIS The resolution of injury begins with hemostasis. Vasoconstriction and clot formation lead to cessation of bleeding. Hemostasis is achieved through the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade.
The physiology of wound healing The physiology of wound healing
Wound healing is a complex biological process which results in the restoration of tissue integrity. Physiologically, it can be broken down into four distinct phases of haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. This article describes the cellular basis of wound healing and the extracellular signalling processes which control them. The function of platelets, neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts are considered in detail. The concept of healing by primary and secondary intention is discussed. Many factors are known to adversely affect healing including malnutrition, hypoxia, immunosuppression, chronic disease and surgery. It is essential that surgeons understand the key physiological processes involved in healing in order to minimize patient morbidity from delayed healing.
Chronic wounds and current treatments
Journal of applied biotechnology & bioengineering, 2023
Wound healing is a complex physiological activity that occurs in the body when cell tissue is injured. 1 The process occurs in four overlapping stages and includes many different cytokines, mediators, and the vascular system. The four stages include homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. The inflammation and proliferation stages overlap each other and use similar cell types. The whole wound-healing process takes a couple of days to seal the wound but years for it to completely heal. 1 Once a wound has been created the homeostasis stage begins immediately to help control the bleeding. 2 The body begins with vascular constriction and fibrin clots to stop the bleeding. Several growth factors: (TGF)-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are released to help repair the tissue. 2 The wound healing-healing process moves onto the inflammatory stage once the inflammatory cells move to the wound. The inflammation cells are followed by neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to help prevent infection and remove anything that would hamper the wound-healing process. The proliferation stage occurs during the inflammation stage with the introduction of macrophages. 3 The macrophages are important to heal cell tissues in the wound. The proliferation stage helps repair and create new tissue for the wound. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells are released during this stage to help create new cells that were lost from the wound. 3
Cellular and Molecular Processes in Wound Healing
Biomedicines, 2023
This review summarizes the recent knowledge of the cellular and molecular processes that occur during wound healing. However, these biological mechanisms have yet to be defined in detail; this is demonstrated by the fact that alterations of events to pathological states, such as keloids, consisting of the excessive formation of scars, have consequences yet to be defined in detail. Attention is also dedicated to new therapies proposed for these kinds of pathologies. Awareness of these scientific problems is important for experts of various disciplines who are confronted with these kinds of presentations daily.
Overview of Wound Healing and Management
The Surgical clinics of North America, 2017
Wound healing is a highly complex chain of events, and although it may never be possible to eliminate the risk of experiencing a wound, clinicians' armamentarium continues to expand with methods to manage it. The phases of wound healing are the inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and the maturation phase. The pathway of healing is determined by characteristics of the wound on initial presentation, and it is vital to select the appropriate method to treat the wound based on its ability to avoid hypoxia, infection, excessive edema, and foreign bodies.
Wounds: physiological mechanisms and factors affecting healing
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2022
Wound healing involves cellular, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms that are divided into: three phases of healing: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. Factors that affect wound healing are; 1. local factors, which consist of oxygenation and infection and 2. systemic factors, including: age and gender, sex hormones, stress, diabetes mellitus, obesity, drugs, alcohol and smoking and nutrition.