In Vitro Activity Screening of Snake Venom against Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (original) (raw)
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Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Few Saudi Arabian Snake Venoms
The open microbiology journal, 2015
Venoms of two cobras, four vipers, a standard antibiotic and an antimycotic, were evaluated comparatively, as antimicrobials. Six venom concentrations and three of the standard antibiotic and the antimycotic were run in micro-dilution and diffusion plates against the microorganisms. Echis pyramidum, Echis coloratus and Cerastes cerastes gasperettii highest venom concentrations gave significant growth inhibition zones (GIZ) with respect to a negative control, except Bitis arietans, whose concentrations were significant. The cobra Walterinnesia aegyptia had significant venom concentrations more than Naja haje arabica. The Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin Resistant (MRSA) bacterium was the most susceptible, with a highly (P < 0.001) significant GIZ mean difference followed by the Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, (P < 0.001), Escherichia coli (P < 0.001), Enterococcus faecalis (P < 0.001) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which, had the least significance (P < 0.05). The fu...
Antibacterial activity of selected snake venoms on pathogenic bacterial strains
Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator
Snake venoms are aqueous solutions containing peptides and proteins with various biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological effects. Several snake venom components are used as lead molecules in the development of new active substances for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, clotting disorders, cancer or pain. Antibacterial activity has also been attributed to snake venoms and proteins isolated from snake venoms. This study provides information regarding the antibacterial activity of venoms obtained from various snake species from the Elapidae and Viperidae families. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of snake venoms were determined for three Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) pathogenic bacteria. The observed effects were ...
Anti-bacterial potentials of Snake venoms-A Review
Bacterial infections are the top 10 th most leading cause of death according to World Health Organization. Number of antibiotics are available for the treatment of bacterial infections, but the major problem nowadays is multi drug resistance of bacteria. The majority of bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) vancomycin-resistant enterococci have developed resistance against antibiotics.So,it has become necessary that we should explore new sources of therapeutic agents that are effective against bacteria, specifically multi drug resistant bacteria. Nature is always a good source, new drugs have been developed from various sources of plants, animals etc. Snake venoms contain a great variety of biologically active proteins, it contains specialized compounds having anti-bacterial activity which include phospholipases A2 (PLA2), L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) etc. The biodiversity of snake venoms and toxins make them unique source from which novel therapeutics may be developed. Snake venom has been used in the treatment of a variety of pathophysiological conditions in Ayurveda, homeopathy and folk medicine. With the advent of biotechnology, the efficacy of such treatments has been proved by purifying components of venom and representing their therapeutic properties. In this review the anti-bacterial potential of snake venom is discussed. This review shows that snake venoms are not unexplored source of antibiotics and we are hopeful about its application for the anti-bacterial drug development in near future.
Microbial Pathogenesis, 2018
Cancer and infectious diseases are the preeminent causes of human morbidities and mortalities worldwide. At present, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy are considered as predominant options in order to treat cancer. But these therapies provide inadequate consequences by affecting both the normal and tumor cells. On the other hand, tuberculosis (TB), and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infections are significant threats, causing over a million mortalities each year. The extensive applications of antibiotics have caused the microbes to acquire resistance to the existing antibiotics. With the emerging dilemma of drug resistant microbes, it has become imperative to identify novel therapeutic agents from natural sources as emphatic alternative approach. Over the past few decades, venoms derived from several reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods including snakes, scorpions, frogs, spiders, honey bees, wasps, beetles, caterpillars, ants, centipedes, and sponges have been identified as efficient therapeutics. Venoms constitute plethora of bioactive components, particularly peptides, enzymes, and other chemical entities, which exhibit a large array of anticancer and antipathogenic activities. This review highlights the panorama of bioactive components of animal venoms divulging the anticancer, anti-tubercular, and anti-HIV activities. In a nutshell, this context discloses the decisive role of animal venoms as alternative natural resources to combat these deadly diseases of 21 st century, and propounding the plausible development of new therapeutic drugs in the present era.
Perspective on the Therapeutics of Anti-Snake Venom
Molecules
Snakebite envenomation is a life-threatening disease that was recently re-included as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), affecting millions of people in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Improvement in the therapeutic approaches to envenomation is required to palliate the morbidity and mortality effects of this NTD. The specific therapeutic treatment for this NTD uses snake antivenom immunoglobulins. Unfortunately, access to these vital drugs is limited, principally due to their cost. Different ethnic groups in the affected regions have achieved notable success in treatment for centuries using natural sources, especially plants, to mitigate the effects of snake envenomation. The ethnopharmacological approach is essential to identify the potential metabolites or derivatives needed to treat this important NTD. Here, the authors describe specific therapeutic snakebite envenomation treatments and conduct a review on different strategies to identify the potential agents that ...
Snake venom as therapeutic agents: from toxin to drug development
Indian journal of experimental biology, 2002
Snake bite injuries and death are socio-medical problems of considerable magnitude. In India a large number of people suffer and die every year due to snake venom poisoning. Snake venom, though greatly feared, is a natural biological resource, containing several components that could be of potential therapeutic value. Use of snake venom in different pathophysiological conditions has been mentioned in Ayurveda, homeopathy and folk medicine. It is well known that snake venom is complex mixture of enzymes, peptides and proteins of low molecular mass with specific chemical and biological activities. Snake venom contains several neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, cytotoxic, nerve growth factor, lectins, disintrigrins, haemorrhagins and many other different enzymes. These proteins not only inflict death to animals and humans, but can also be used for the treatment of thrombosis, arthritis, cancer and many other diseases. An overview of various snake venom components that have prospects in health an...
In-Vitro Assays for Neutralization of Snake Venom Using Herbal Drugs: A Review
Sipra Sarkar., et al.: In-Vitro Assays for Neutralization of Snake Venom. Snakebite is a major health hazard that leads to high mortality rate especially in India. The present review article focuses on the point of view of different in –vitro neutralization assays that serve as an index for assessing the status of therapy. For this purpose bibliographic and scientific literature articles in indexed journal databases were comprehensively researched and contemporary articles were studied from different abstracting and indexing systems like PubMed using relevant keywords. It was found that some of the in-vitro assays like Phospholipase A2, Hemorrhagic activity assay, agglutination assay for potency assessment, general proteolytic activity assay, snake venom metalloprotease activity (SVMP), hemolytic activity, neutralization of serum inhibitory activity assay, neutralization of fibrinolytic activity, inhibition of venom cardiotoxic activity assay and brine shrimp lethality test are prevalent in use. Performing these in –vitro tests is essential for the development of therapy against envenomation. Antisnake venom serum (ASVS) for snake bite therapeutics is available but suffers from many drawbacks; herbal plants provide a solid platform for the natural treatment of this serious issue. Herbal medications have excellent potential to treat snake bite. Herbal medicinal plants are an important element of indigenous medical systems globally. Many of the active plant constituents are promising contenders for the development of antivenom drug molecules. So our objective is to find different alternative in-vitro processes for anti venom activity. The rationale behind choosing the in-vitro assays is to enable to generate basic data and understand the probable basic mechanism of snake venom and herbal antisnake venom without sacrificing or using invasive procedures on the experimental animal.
International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy
Snake venom is the poisonous secretion (saliva), ejected from the poison apparatus of a poisonous snake, during the act of biting. Venoms of the different species of poisonous snakes are complex mixture of a number of proteins, toxic substances or toxins, peptides, enzymes, and non-protein inclusions in varying proportion. Snake venom is harmless if ingested in liquid or crystal form after drying through mouth and it will be excreted unchanged. It produces toxicity only if contacted with blood. This is very well understood by Ayurveda. Therapeutic uses of snake venom in various diseases have been explored by Acharya Vagbhata in 48 th chapter of Uttartantra of Ashtanga Sangraha, i.e. "Vishopayogiya Adhyaya." Forty-seven different Formulations have been mentioned by Acharya vagbhata in which snake venom is pertinently used with other Ayurvedic herbal drugs. Since last two decades, various researches explore the therapeutic potential of snake venom in various diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, Neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, Cancer (various types), aging, skin diseases, exce ssive bleeding condition etc. Current review sums up the therapeutic use of snake venom which is mentioned in Ayurveda as well as in contemporary science which provide new thoughts in field of pharmaceutical research where the use of snake venom is beautifully understood by our ancient Acharyas.
Review on Snake Venom, Venom Chemistry, Anti-Venom and Traditional Treatment Treatment
http://www.sciencepub.net/nature., 2019
Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitates the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defends against threats. It is injected by unique fangs after a bite, and some species are also able to spit. envenomation has very high rate of mortality resulting from snakebites. From the seventeen families twenty-three plants were collected and explored for the first time for antisnake venom activity. According to scientific reports, the methanolic root extract of the medicinal plants Vitex negundo, Hemidesmus indicus, Pluchea indica and Emblica officinalis significantly neutralized the Viper and Cobra venom-induced pathophysiological changes. For the time being, four plants extracts explored (Curcuma Aristolochia indica, aromatica, Androgrphis paniculata and Curcuma zeodaria) for their inhibitory activity snake venom. Echis carinatus, Ophiophagus hannah, Daboia russelli and Naja kaouthia venom-induced lethal activity was significantly antagonized by the extracts of plant both in in vitro and in vivo studies. So the venom-induced coagulant, haemorrhage, defibrinogenating and PLA2 activity from Daboia russellii were significantly neutralized by the extracts. Precipitating bands between the plant extract and venom were not observed. The role of active constituents of plants and plant materials involved in snake venom inhibition was confirmed by this observation. Further studies are going on in our laboratory for the identification of active molecules as well as their mechanism of venom inhibition.