Comparison of three methods of temperature measurement in hypothermic, euthermic, and hyperthermic dogs (original) (raw)
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The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne
Although the rectal mucosa remains the traditional site for measuring body temperature in dogs, an increasing number of clinicians have been using auricular temperature to estimate core body temperature. In this study, 88 mature healthy dogs had body temperatures measured with auricular and rectal thermometers. The mean temperature and confidence intervals were similar for each method, but Bland-Altman plots showed high biases and limits of agreement unacceptable for clinical purposes. The results indicate that auricular and rectal temperatures should not be interpreted interchangeably.
Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2014
Objective-To evaluate the accuracy and associated induced stress response of axillary, auricular, and rectal thermometry in hospitalized dogs. Design-Prospective observational study from October 2011 to February 2012. Setting-University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals-Two hundred fifty hospitalized dogs. All hospitalized dogs were considered eligible unless their condition precluded measurement at one of the designated sites. Interventions-A veterinary auricular infrared device for auricular temperature (OT) and an electronic predictive thermometer for rectal temperature (RT) and axillary temperature (AT) were used for temperature measurements. All recordings were obtained by the same investigator in a randomized fashion. Heart rate was noted before and immediately after each measurement. Stress behaviors (eg, vocalization, lip licking, shaking, panting, defensive behavior) were also recorded and graded from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Signalment, analgesic therapy, and length of hospitalization were recorded. Measurements and Main Results-RT measurements were associated with greatest increase in heart rate (P < 0.05). Scores obtained for defensive behavior, lip licking, and vocalization were lowest with AT and highest with RT measurements (P < 0.05). Mean RT, AT, and OT were 38.0 • C (SD: 0.85 • C), 37.0 • C (SD: 0.99 • C), and 37.23 • C (SD: 1.0382 • C), respectively. AT and OT were moderately correlated with RT (r = 0.70 and r = 0.64, respectively). Gender (P = 0.02) and coat length (P = 0.03) had a significant influence on results. No effect of dehydration, body condition, analgesia, age, reproductive status, or operator experience was observed (P > 0.05). Conclusions-AT and to a lesser extent OT are reliable, less stressful alternatives to estimate RT in dogs. Further studies are needed to evaluate these techniques in hyperthermic dogs, and to evaluate the use of AT and OT as monitoring tools in intensive care patients.
Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2006
Objective: To determine if a correlation exists among auricular, rectal and pulmonary artery (PA) temperatures in hypothermic dogs. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Angiography suite at a college of veterinary medicine. Animals: Sexually intact female research hounds (13.9-25.4 kg; n 5 8). Measurements and main results: Dogs were anesthetized for instrumentation with a percutaneously placed, thermistor-tipped, PA catheter. Anesthesia was maintained until the core body temperature decreased to 36.6 1C (97.8 1F). Anesthesia was discontinued, and auricular and rectal temperatures were obtained every 15 minutes until the PA temperature reached 38.3 1C (100.9 1F). A strong correlation was noted among the 3 methods of temperature measurement (Po0.001; R ! 0.846). No statistical difference was detected among measurement methods at baseline, the minimum temperature attained, nor the median temperature attained. However, at the maximum temperature attained, auricular measurements (37.7 AE 0.4 1C or 99.8 AE 0.7 1F) were lower than either the rectal (38.3 AE 0.3 1C or 100.9 AE 0.5 1F) or PA (38.3 AE 0.3 1C or 100.9 AE 0.5 1F) temperature measurements (P 5 0.001). Conclusion: There is a strong correlation among rectal, auricular and PA temperatures. Auricular temperature may be used to monitor core body temperature during postoperative rewarming; however, it might be slightly lower than core temperature as normothermia is reached.
Temperature Measurements in Normal and Tumor Tissue of Dogs Undergoing Whole Body Hyperthermia1
2000
Temperature was measured in the left ventricle, aorta, liver, brain, lung, bone marrow, kidney, and spontaneous solid tumors in dogs undergoing whole body hyperthermia in a radiant heat device. Rectal temperature was found to be a satisfactory indicator of systemic arterial temperature during plateau temperature conditions but rectal temperature underestimated arterial temperature during heating and overestimated it during cooling. Lung
Comparing alternatives to canine rectal thermometry at the axillary, auricular and ocular locations
Open Veterinary Journal
Body temperature is an important component in the diagnosis and treatment of disease in canines. The rectal temperature remains the standard of obtaining temperature within the clinical setting, but there are many drawbacks with this method, including time, access, animal stress, and safety concerns. Interest in using infrared thermometry in canines to obtain body temperature has grown as animal scientists and veterinarians search for non-invasive and non-contact methods and locations of obtaining canine temperatures. Here, we review evidence on axillary, auricular, and ocular region canine thermometry and the degree to which measurements in these locations are representative of rectal temperature values. Instrumentation refinement and development, as well as morphologic differences, play an important role in the potential correlation between the rectal temperature and these other locations. These caveats have yet to be fully addressed in the literature, limiting the options for those seeking alternatives to rectal thermometry.
Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanità, 2014
The authors describe the thermography technique in animal production and in veterinary medicine applications. The thermographic technique lends itself to countless applications in biology, thanks to its characteristics of versatility, lack of invasiveness and high sensitivity. Probably the major limitation to most important aspects for its application in the animal lies in the ease of use and in its extreme sensitivity. This review provides an overview of the possible applications of the technique of thermo visual inspection, but it is clear that every phenomenon connected to temperature variations can be identified with this technique. Then the operator has to identify the best experimental context to obtain as much information as possible, concerning the physiopathological problems considered. Furthermore, we reported an experimental study about the thermography (IRT) as a noninvasive technique to assess the state of wellbeing in working dogs. The first results showed the relation...
Veterinary and Animal Science, 2020
Because dogs tolerate conventional rectal temperature measurements poorly, a calibrated infrared thermometer was tested for assessing canine body surface temperature. Body surface temperature of 204 dogs was estimated on various sites (digit, snout, axilla, eye, gum, inguinal region, and anal verge). Having rectal temperature as the gold standard, temperature difference, Spearman's correlation coefficient, hyperthermia and hypothermia detection sensitivity and specificity, and stress response score was calculated for each measurement site. Although the canine body surface temperature was considerably lower than the rectal temperature, there was a moderate correlation between both temperatures. Spearman's coefficients were 0.60 (p < 0.001) for the inguinal region with a single operator and 0.50 (p < 0.001) for the gum with multiple operators. Measurement site on the gum additionally guaranteed hyperthermia detection sensitivity and specificity up to 90.0% (95% CI: [66.7 100]) and 78.6% (95% CI: [71.6 85.2]), respectively. Measurements with the infrared thermometer provoked a statistically significant lower stress response (mean stress scores between 1.89 and 2.48/5) compared to the contact rectal measurements (stress score of 3.06/5). To conclude, the correct body surface temperature measurement should include a calibrated thermometer, reliable sampling, and the control of external factors such as ambient temperature influence. The transformation of body surface temperature to the recognized rectal temperature interval allows more straightforward data interpretation. The gum temperature exhibited the best clinical potential since the differences to rectal temperatures were below 1°C, and hyperthermia was detected with the sensitivity of up to 90%.
Preliminary feasibility study of a new method of hypothermia in an experimental canine model
Türk Üroloji Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Urology
Objective: To build up a new microcontroller thermoelectric system to achieve renal hypothermia. Material and methods: Renal hypothermia system was tested under in vivo conditions in the kidneys of ten Mongrel dogs. Ambient temperature was evaluated using two different microcontrollers. In order to ensure hypothermia in the renal parenchyma, selection can be made among 4 modules and sensors which detect the temperature of the area. The temperature range of the system was adjusted between-50°C and +50°C. Results: When single and double poles of the kidney were cooled, initial mean intraperitoneal temperature values were found 37.7°C for rectum and 36.5°C for renal cortex and medulla. After the temperature of the cooling module was set to 12°C, the module was placed on the poles of the kidney. After fifteen minutes, temperature was 15.4°C in the lower pole of the kidney, 28.1°C in the cortex of the other side and 29.2°C in the intramedullary region. The temperature was found to be 15°C in the vicinity and 26.1°C in the cortex across the module. After the system was stabilized, a very slight change was observed in the temperature. Conclusion: Hypothermia system developed ensured desired cooling of the targeted part of the kidney; however, it did not cause a change in the temperature of other parts of the kidney or general body temperature. Thus, it was possible to create a long-term study area for renal parenchymal surgery.
Comparison of Axillary Versus Rectal Temperature Timing in Canine and Feline Patients
Research on alternatives to rectal thermometry in canine and feline patients has focused on equipment and measurement location but not procedure duration. In a cross-over designed clinical scenario, we evaluated the time prior to and after (Pre-TempT and Post-TempT) rectal and axillary thermometry in canine (n = 114) and feline (n = 72) patients. Equipment duration was controlled for to determine a presumptive total time (TTime) associated with each thermometry method. Pre-TempT and TTime was significantly shorter in axillary thermometry trials for both canine and feline pets (P < 0.001). There was no difference in Post-TempT between thermometry methods in canine patients (P = 0.887) however, the Post-TempT was longer in felines after axillary thermometry (P = 0.004). Reductions in Pre-TempT and TTime were not significant in Scottish Fold breed cats and within the feline rectal trials, the TTime of domestic-long hair breeds was significantly longer than domestic-short hair breeds...