Is there an association between sweetened beverages and adiposity? (original) (raw)
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To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic?
Public Health Nutrition, 2011
Objective: A systematic literature review was conducted to determine whether sweetened beverage intake increases the risk for obesity, and the extent to which it has contributed to recent increases in energy intake and adiposity in the USA. Design: The search included studies published between 1970 and 2010 that examined secular trends, mechanisms, observational associations and intervention outcomes. Observational and intervention studies were abstracted and systematically evaluated for quality. Setting: Trends in obesity prevalence in the USA and studies from industrialized (developed) countries were included. Subjects: Studies were included for all ages, genders, ethnic and socio-economic groups for which data were available. Results: Obesity rates and sweetened beverage intake have increased in tandem in the USA. Studies consistently show that higher intake of sweetened beverages is associated with higher energy intake. Energy in liquid form is not well compensated for by reductions in the intake of other sources of energy. Well-designed observational studies consistently show a significant positive relationship between sweetened beverage intake and adiposity. More importantly, several well-conducted randomized controlled trials have shown statistically significant changes in adiposity as a result of corresponding changes in sweetened beverage intake. Conclusions: All lines of evidence consistently support the conclusion that the consumption of sweetened beverages has contributed to the obesity epidemic. It is estimated that sweetened beverages account for at least one-fifth of the weight gained between 1977 and 2007 in the US population. Actions that are successful in reducing sweetened beverage consumption are likely to have a measurable impact on obesity.
Nutritively Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Obesity
JAMA, 2009
The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially in the past several decades, and clinicians, policy makers, and others seek tools to abate this epidemic. One tantalizingly simple solution is to identify a single class of foods for which the elimination or radical reduction would meaningfully decrease the energy intake/expenditure ratio and obesity prevalence. Nutritively sweetened beverages (NSBs) (eg, sugar-sweetened beverages, soft drinks) seem to have become a leading contender, and the surrounding dialogue has become contentious, evoking scientific, clinical, and sociopolitical questions. The key question is whether reducing NSB consumption will help prevent the onset, reduce the prevalence, or contribute to the management of obesity. The controversy hinges on the strength of the current evidence. Clearly there are other important issues, such as potential NSB effects on overall diet quality, dental and bone health, glucose tolerance, hydration, quality of life, the economy, and the environment. In this Commentary, we address only the obesity question. Plausibility That Reducing NSB Consumption Will Reduce Obesity Some epidemiological studies support an association between NSB consumption and obesity, 1 some animal studies have shown that ad libitum NSB consumption increases body weight, 2 and some short-term food intake studies suggest that NSB consumption may be poorly compensated (compensation here refers to the adjustment of subsequent energy intake or expenditure downward or upward in response to NSB ingestion; hence, its influence on overall energy balance). 3 However, other epidemiological, 4 animal, 5 and shortterm behavioral studies 6 do not show such results. The stage for evidence that can provide clearer answers has been set. For some questions, such as whether smoking causes lung cancer, it is impractical or unethical to randomize study participants to receive or not receive the putatively influential agent and observe its effects. In such situations, consideration of the totality of evidence is
Association Between Consumption of Sugar-sweetened Beverages and Childhood Obesity and Overweight
Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences
Objectives: This paper aims to study how consumption of beverages relates to the body weight of children and adolescents in Mongolia. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted between 2015 and 2016. A group of 353 relatively healthy children and adolescents aged 6-16 were selected from ger districts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Chi-squared analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of categorical variables with body mass index (BMI) z-score subgroups. T-test or two-way ANOVA was performed to compare means. Beverage consumption was presented as means with standard deviation (SD) among sex and age groups. Results: The data from 347 children and adolescents were analyzed. Boys represented 50.1% (n =174) and the mean age ± SD was 10.0 ±2.9 years. Tea was the main beverage type in all age and sex groups compared to other types of beverages. Girls aged between 10 and 13 years old had the highest consumption of sugar-sweete...
Is sugar-sweetened beverage consumption associated with increased fatness in children?
Nutrition, 2007
We assessed whether sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption increases fatness in British children. Methods: Data from a subsample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were analyzed. Diet was assessed at ages 5 y (n ϭ 521) and 7 y (n ϭ 682) using 3-d diet diaries. Beverages were categorized into SSB, low energy, fruit juice, milk, and water. Fat mass was measured at age 9 y using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The association between consumption of SSB at each age and fatness was examined using linear regression adjusted for potentially confounding variables. Results: SSB accounted for 15% of all drinks consumed and 3% of total energy intake at both ages. There was no evidence of an association between SSB consumption at 5 or 7 y of age and fatness at age 9 y. There was a small positive correlation between low-energy drinks at age 5 and 7 y and fatness at 9 y (age 5 y, ϭ 0.21, P Ͻ 0.001; age 7 y, ϭ 0.16, P Ͻ 0.001), which was explained by existing overweight status at ages 5 and 7 y. Conclusion: In this cohort of British children there was no evidence of an association between SSB consumption at age 5 or 7 y and fatness at age 9 y. The positive relation between consumption of low-energy beverages and fatness at 9 y, which was explained by overweight status at 5 and 7 y, suggests that heavier children may consume low-energy beverages as part of an ineffective weightcontrol program.
Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-term Weight Gain
Obesity, 2008
nature publishing group epidemiology IntroductIon In the face of an expanding epidemic of overweight and obesity, individuals have increasingly turned to artificially sweetened (AS) foods and beverages during the past three decades, in an attempt to lose weight, or control it. Implicit and explicit messages of manufacturers-and conventional wisdom-have suggested that use of AS products would enhance weight loss-or, at the least, help prevent further gain. To test this assumption, we have assessed long-term weight change among participants in the San Antonio Heart Study who reported using these products, compared with those who did not. Methods and Procedures The San Antonio Heart Study is a prospective study of 3,301 Mexican Americans and 1,857 non-Hispanic whites, aged 25-64 years old, residing in households randomly chosen from San Antonio neighborhoods. At baseline, 5,158 individuals were enrolled: cohort 1,
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Associated With Weight Gain and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Clinical Diabetes, 2005
Hu FB: Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 292:927-934, 2004 SUMMARY Objective. To examine the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, weight change, and risk for type 2 diabetes in women. Design. A prospective cohort study. Participants. Study participants were drawn from the 116,671 women aged 22-44 years enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study II. Women lacking dietary or physical activity data or with a history of diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease were excluded. A total of 91,249 women were included in the diabetes analysis. Of these, 51,603 women for whom height and weight data were available were included in the analysis on weight change.
Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption is associated with abdominal obesity risk in diabetic patients
Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 2017
Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are any beverages containing added-sugar and supposed to increase body lipogenesis and fat accumulation in healthy subjects. This study was performed to assess the possible association between SSBs consumption and obesity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. T2DM adults with no insulin treatment entered the study. Abdominal obesity and general adiposity were determined using waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI), respectively. SSBs intake was extracted from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Mean SSBs intake was 0.6 serving/d (145.6mL/d). There was no considerable association between SSBs intake and gender. About 46% of patients consumed at least one serving of SSBs per week. SSBs consumption was correlated neither to WC nor to BMI. After adjustment for confounding factors, abdominal obesity was associated with drinking SSBs ≥1 serving/week (OR=4.93, 95% CI: 1.35-18.03), and SSB ≥3 serving/week (OR=5.07, 95% CI: 1.22-21.15) compare...
Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011
The goal of this review was to critically evaluate the scientific evidence in humans on the potential effect of sweetened beverages on weight gain and risk of obesity in youth and adults. Two categories of these beverages were reviewed. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) include soft drinks, colas, other sweetened carbonated beverages, and fruit drinks with added sugar. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), also referred to as non-nutritive sweetened beverages, are marketed and used as a replacement for SSBs for those who want to reduce sugar and caloric intake. The totality of evidence to date demonstrates a pattern across observational and experimental studies of an increased risk of weight gain and obesity with higher intake of SSBs. However, it remains difficult to establish the strength of the association and the independence from other potentially confounding factors. The primary reason for unclear conclusions regarding the robustness of any effect of SSBs is due to the heterogeneity and methodologic limitations of both observational and experimental studies on this topic. Although some observational studies have suggested that ASBs may cause increased risk of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, there is no clear mechanism for this pathway, and the epidemiologic studies are highly inconsistent. An important issue with the observational studies on ASBs and obesity or disease risk is reverse causality bias, with higher-quality studies demonstrating this possibility. The field needs higher-quality experimental studies in humans, with relevant direct comparisons between sweetened beverages and their sweetened solid-food alternatives.
Obesity Facts, 2017
Objective: Partly inconsistent findings from previous reviews have fueled discussions on the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on obesity development. The aim was to systematically review the recent evidence in children and adults. Methods: Data were retrieved from the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library for the period January 2013 to October 2015. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) relating SSBs to weight measures was conducted. Results: 30 publications met the inclusion criteria. Prospective cohort studies (96%; n = 26) showed a positive association between consumption of SSBs and weight/BMI in adults and children (n = 242,352), and only one cohort study in children showed no association. Findings from three RCTs in children demonstrated that SSB consumption had an effect on BMI/BMI z-score. The one RCT in adults showed no significant effect of the intervention. 63% of the studies were of good, 30% of medium quality, and none was funded by industry. Conclusion: Recent evidence suggests that SSB consumption is positively associated with or has an effect on obesity indices in children
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2009
Studies in animals have documented that, compared with glucose, dietary fructose induces dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. To assess the relative effects of these dietary sugars during sustained consumption in humans, overweight and obese subjects consumed glucose-or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25% of energy requirements for 10 weeks. Although both groups exhibited similar weight gain during the intervention, visceral adipose volume was significantly increased only in subjects consuming fructose. Fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations increased by approximately 10% during 10 weeks of glucose consumption but not after fructose consumption. In contrast, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and the 23-hour postprandial triglyceride AUC were increased specifically during fructose consumption. Similarly, markers of altered lipid metabolism and lipoprotein remodeling, including fasting apoB, LDL, small dense LDL, oxidized LDL, and postprandial concentrations of remnant-like particle-triglyceride and -cholesterol significantly increased during fructose but not glucose consumption. In addition, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels increased and insulin sensitivity decreased in subjects consuming fructose but not in those consuming glucose. These data suggest that dietary fructose specifically increases DNL, promotes dyslipidemia, decreases insulin sensitivity, and increases visceral adiposity in overweight/obese adults.