Tuberculosis (original) (raw)
Related papers
2010
The risk of progression from exposure to the tuberculosis bacilli to the development of active disease is a two-stage process governed by both exogenous and endogenous risk factors. Exogenous factors play a key role in accentuating the progression from exposure to infection among which the bacillary load in the sputum and the proximity of an individual to an infectious TB case are key factors. Similarly endogenous factors lead in progression from infection to active TB disease. Along with well-established risk factors (such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malnutrition, and young age), emerging variables such as diabetes, indoor air pollution, alcohol, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and tobacco smoke play a significant role at both the individual and population level. Socioeconomic and behavioral factors are also shown to increase the susceptibility to infection. Specific groups such as health care workers and indigenous population are also at an increased risk of TB infection and disease. This paper summarizes these factors along with health system issues such as the effects of delay in diagnosis of TB in the transmission of the bacilli. of Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Risk factors for tuberculosis: diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs
Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 2018
Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem. Although efforts to control the epidemic have reduced mortality and incidence, there are several predisposing factors that should be modified in order to reduce the burden of the disease. This review article will address some of the risk factors associated with tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis, including diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs, all of which can also contribute to poor tuberculosis treatment results. Tuberculosis can also lead to complications in the course and management of other diseases, such as diabetes. It is therefore important to identify these comorbidities in tuberculosis patients in order to ensure adequate management of both conditions.
Individual and Environmental Risk Factors of Tuberculosis: A New Evidence from Ponorogo, East Java
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 2018
Background: For centuries, TB has been linked anecdotally with environmental risk factors that go hand-in-hand with poverty: indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, malnutrition, overcrowded living conditions, and excessive alcohol use. But to date, there is no empirical evidence from East Java, Indonesia, to support these anecdotal evidences. The purpose of this study was to provide new evidence on the individual and environmental risk factors of tuberculosis in Ponorogo, East Java. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in Ponorogo, East Java, from April to May 2018. A sample of 200 study subjects was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was tuberculosis. The independent variables were age, gender, education, nutritional status, dwelling density, smoking, and alcohol drinking. Data on tuberculosis infection status were obtained from the medical record at District Health Office Ponorogo. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression on Stata 13. Results: Age ≥ 44 years (b= 3.18; 95% CI= 1.66 to 4.69; p<0.001), nutritional status (b= 1.42; 95% CI= 0.02 to 2.82; p=0.046), dwelling density ≥ 5 (b= 1.87; 95% CI= 0.37 to 3.36; p=0.014), smoking (b= 2.23; 95% CI= 0.61 to 3.85; p=0.007), and alcohol drinking (b= 2.83; 95% CI= 1.38 to 4.27; p<0.001) were associated with increased risk of tuberculosis. Higher education (b=-2.56; 95% CI=-4.16 to-0.96; p=0.002) and female (b=-1.36; 95% CI=-2.92 to-0.20; p=0.087) were associated with decreased risk of tuberculosis. Conclusion: Age, nutritional status, dwelling density, smoking, alcohol drinking, education, and female, are shown in this study to be the risk factors of tuberculosis.
Risk factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 2012
Purpose of review Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global emergency and continues to kill 1.4 million people every year. The interaction between noncommunicable and infectious diseases like TB has important implications with regard to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Smoking, diabetes mellitus, anti-TNFa drugs and other immunosuppressive therapies are well known major risk factors associated with TB. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature on these risk factors and interventions that reduce the risk.
Association between Environmental Factors and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Control Study
National Journal of Community Medicine, 2018
Background: Association between environmental factors and tuberculosis infection assists in understanding the risk for tuberculosis infection in the community and planning appropriate preventive actions based on this risk. The study conducted to evaluate association between environmental factors & pulmonary tuberculosis. Materials & method: This was case control study carried out in tertiary care hospital & urban field practice area from July 2010 to November 2012. Total 150 cases, 150 hospital control & 150 com- munity controls were included in the study according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study participants were interviewed and examined according to the preformed and pre- tested proforma in the respective OPDs. Results: On univariate analysis, H/O contact with case of tuberculosis H/O not having BCG scar, overcrowding, use of wood, coal and kerosene oil as cooking fuel and kutcha house were found to have significant association with pulmonary TB and odds ratio & p value for this were statistically significant (<0.05). Conclusion: H/O contact with case of tuberculosis H/O not having BCG scar, overcrowding, use of wood, coal and kerosene oil as cooking fuel and kutcha house were found to have significant association with pulmonary TB.
Tüberküloz ve toraks, 2014
Although epidemiological studies have reported an association between smoking and increases in tuberculosis, the relationship between indoor air pollution and risk of tuberculosis is not fully understood. A limited number of studies have suggested that smoking and indoor air pollution may play a role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of smoking and indoor air pollution on the risk of active tuberculosis. It is prospectively recorded age matched case-control study. Three hundred sixty two active tuberculosis cases and 409 healthy controls were included to the study. All participants were interviewed face to face by using a questionnaire including smoking habit, quantity and duration of smoking, number of room/person in the house, monthly income of the family, indoor heating system, and environmental tobacco smoke. Patients who smoke had a five fold (95% CI: 3.2-7.5, p< 0.0001) higher odds of having active tuberculosis compared with pati...
Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2016
Background: Certain social determinants may influence host susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infections, and increase the risk of developing the disease. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of several host and environmental factors on the risk of TB in northern Iranian households. Patients and Methods: This case-control study was conducted for one year between 2010 and 2011 in the Guilan province in Iran. Eightyseven confirmed TB positive cases, based on convenience sampling, were included in this study. A patient positive for TB was confirmed by a positive sputum smear, chest X-ray, and clinical manifestations as diagnosed by a physician. The data were collected using observational methods, and were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The average mean age of the TB cases was 51 ± 22 years old, and 40.2% (35/87) of the TB cases were male and 59.8% (52/87) were female. The majority of TB cases were from rural areas (71.3%, 62/87), while 28.7% (25/87) were from urban areas. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed between the geographical conditions and distribution of the disease. The room density of the individuals was significantly different (2.9 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 1.9, P < 0.002) among the TB cases and control group, respectively. A statistical difference was observed between the groups in terms of the building materials (P < 0.05), while significantly inadequate UV irradiation was seen in the houses of the TB patients, compared to the control group (82.8% vs. 14.9%, P < 0.001). The hygiene of the houses seemed to be a significant risk factor (P < 0.001) for TB infection. Conclusions: The results suggest that in the studied region several host and environmental factors were associated with higher risks of TB infection.
Lack of an Association Between Household Air Pollution Exposure and Previous Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Lung
Context Observational studies investigating household air pollution (HAP) exposure to biomass fuel smoke as a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis have reported inconsistent results. Objective To evaluate the association between HAP exposure and the prevalence of self-reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis. Design We analyzed pooled data including 12,592 individuals from five population-based studies conducted in Latin America, East Africa, and Southeast Asia from 2010 to 2015. We used multivariable logistic regression to model the association between HAP exposure and self-reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis adjusted for age, sex, tobacco smoking, body mass index, secondary education, site and country of residence. Results Mean age was 54.6 years (range of mean age across settings 43.8-59.6 years) and 48.6% were women (range of % women 38.3-54.5%). The proportion of participants reporting HAP exposure was 38.8% (range in % HAP exposure 0.48-99.4%). Prevalence of previous pulmonary tuberculosis was 2.7% (range of prevalence 0.6-6.9%). While participants with previous pulmonary tuberculosis had a lower pre-bronchodilator FEV 1 (mean − 0.7 SDs, 95% CI − 0.92 to − 0.57), FVC (− 0.52 SDs, 95% CI − 0.69 to − 0.33) and FEV 1 /FVC (− 0.59 SDs, 95% CI − 0.76 to − 0.43) as compared to those who did not, we did not find an association between HAP exposure and previous pulmonary tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.86; 95% CI 0.56-1.32). Conclusions There was no association between HAP exposure and self-reported previous pulmonary tuberculosis in five population-based studies conducted worldwide.
Frontiers in Public Health, 2022
Results: Among the 16,008 included subjects, the median follow-up was 8.7 years. The mean age was 57.7 years; 61.2% men and 38.8% women in both groups. The incidence of tuberculosis was 69.9 per 100,000 person-years in diabetic patients, and 40.9 per 100,000 person-years in non-diabetic patients (HR = 1.90; CI: 1.18-3.07). After adjustment for the country of origin, chronic kidney disease, number of medical appointments, BMI, alcoholism and smoking, the risk remained higher in diabetic patients (1.66: CI 0.99-2.77). Additionally, subjects from Hindustan or with a history of alcohol abuse also showed a higher risk of developing tuberculosis (HR = 3.51; CI:1.87-6.57, and HR = 2.73; CI:1.22-6.12 respectively). Conclusion: People with diabetes mellitus were at higher risk of developing tuberculosis in a large cohort recruited in an inner-city district with a high incidence for this outcome, and low socioeconomic conditions and high proportion of migrants. This risk was higher among Hindustan born and alcohol abusers.