Pre-Competition Anxiety Score among Elite Boy Swimmers in Iran (original) (raw)
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Analysis of pre-competitive anxiety of Brazilian young swimmers
Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences
This study analyzed the level of state-anxiety of swimming athletes based on sex, category, competitive specialty, competitive level and competitive experience. Participants were 178 male (n = 105) and female (n = 73) swimmers with mean age of 15.51 ± 1.9 years at regional, national and international levels. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CASI-2) was used as instrument. Data analysis was conducted using the independent Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation. The results showed higher levels of self-confidence in males (p = 0.02) and higher levels of cognitive anxiety in females (p = 0.019). Among the competitive specialties, there were differences between levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.045) and self-confidence (p = 0.041) of swimmers. Differences were also observed in levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.049), somatic anxiety (p = 0.001) and self-confidence (p = 0.047) between swimming competition levels. It was concluded that male swim...
Psychological and Physiological Changes of Anxiety Prior a Swimming Competition
The Open Sports Medicine Journal, 2008
Objectives: Self-report measures of anxiety have dominated the research on anxiety-performance relationship. However, a combination of psychological and physiological indices is thought to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the experience of this psychological state. The purpose of the current study was twofold: First, to examine the relationship among psychological and physiological measures of state anxiety, and secondary, to examine the way and extent that different estimates of anxiety can predict swimming performance, and related psychological variables such as perceived importance of competition and intention to apply effort. Methods: The study's sample consisted of 45 adolescent swimmers with a mean age of 13.8 years (SD = 2.31) participating in the Winter Swimming Championship of Northern Greece. CSAI-2 was used to measure state anxiety, while systolic-diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate, salivary cortisol, and plasma t-PA were selected as the physiological indices. Furthermore, perceived importance of competition and intention to apply effort were used as psychological variables associated with swimming performance. A two-way prospective design was used. The first measurement took place one week prior the competition, in a resting day, and the second one the day of the competition. Results: The results indicated that the different anxiety indices were not correlated to each other. Salivary cortisol was a significant predictor of swimming performance (R 2 = .16 F (1,43) = 8.48, p < .01) but not linked to psychological variables such as perceived importance of competition and intention to apply effort. Conclusion: The findings of the present study support the multidimensional estimation of anxiety, in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the anxiety-performance relationship.
The Level of Somatic Anxiety and Sport Performance among Swimmers
2015
The main purpose of this study was to identify the levels of somatic anxiety and sport performances among swimmers of different skill. In other words, this research aims to correlates the relationship between the level of somatic anxiety and sport performance. The instrument used for the study comprised of a 27-item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 and The Psychological Performance Inventory which had been distributed during sport between universities competition. The sample consisted of 69 swimmers, including the national athletes (N=17), state athletes (N=20), district athletes (N=15) and university athletes (N= 17).The results showed that elite or national swimmers exhibited lower levels of somatic anxiety, F (3, 113) = 18.007, p < .01. The result also showed that the exits of negative correlation between somatic anxiety and sport performance among swimmers, (r = -0.66; p<0.05). Sport psychologists, sport counselors and coaches should use the present findings to recomm...
Pre-competition anxiety levels among Malaysian high-performance athletes
2019
A total of 98 high performance athletes (65 males and 33 females) compete in different type of sports at Majlis Sukan Universiti Malaysia (MASUM) 2019 and volunteered to participate in this study to compare their pre-competition anxiety levels. This research was conducted using the data collection survey technique and the instrument of Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) by Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith (1990) was adopted to measure the pre-competition anxiety levels of the respondents. This instrument consisted of 3 components which is cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The result of Cronbach’s Alpha (reliability test) is 0.709. There was a significant difference between gender for self-confidence t (66.106) = 2.772 and p = .007 (p < 0.05). Results showed that male athletes have a higher self-confidence (M = 2.54) compared to female athletes (M = 2.21). With the findings of the study, we can say that gender has an effect on self-confidenc...
A Comparison Study and Investigation on Sport Competition Attributive Anxiety among Elite Athletes
Anxiety is one of the mental disorders in human being, which can influence the performance of each person, especially while doing physical activities and sports. Anxiety is defined in two major levels: Attributive Anxiety and Conditional Anxiety. Anxiety is one of the most popular forms of excitement among athletes in sport competitions, and when it lasts for a long period it will increase the muscular tensions and reduce the level of performance. As a matter of fact, the role of anxiety in sports and competitions is noticeable and important. This survey, compare and investigate the sport competition attributive anxiety among male athletes who had taken part in national university championships (Iran) . The statistical population in this research was 252 male athletes from football, futsal , Table Tennis and Badminton disciplines. The mean age was 24 and the standard of deviation was 2.6. The instrument for evaluations was the special questionnaire of Sport Competition Attributive Anxiety Test (SCAT) developed by Renner Martins, which has 15 questions. The perceptive statistical methods for comparing the mean of sport disciplines anxiety was one way ANOVA and LSD test, and one sample T-Test was used for comparing the anxiety in individual and team event competitions. One sample Kolmogorov Smirnov (K-S) test was used for examining the symmetry of the distributions, which showed that the selected test was not significant (P>0.05) and the distribution of collected data was normal. There is a significant relation between the sport competition attributive anxiety in athletes who participate in individual sports with their ages (P<0.01, r=0.504) There is a significant differences between the sport competition attributive anxiety among the above athletes participated in sport disciplines (P<0.05, F=8.25) Anxiety in sport psychology is one of the major aspects for controlling the situation and the conditions of athlete and competition; while anxiety could be under your control and kept in a acceptable values, we would expect the better outcome and performance from the athlete. Keywords: Anxiety, Sport Competition Attributive Test (SCAT), Athlete.
Sport and Art, 2013
Recent evidence suggests that student-athletes may experience greater levels of stress or anxiety due to the dual demands of athletics and academics placed on them. In today's MASUM (Sport between Universities) competitive sports, a lot of pressure is placed on collegiate athletes to perform the excellence level. Sports psychologists have long believed that high levels of anxiety during competition are harmful, worsening performance and even leading to dropout. Anxiety consists of two subcomponents, cognitive and somatic anxiety, which influence performance. The cognitive is the mental component, which is characterized by negative expectations about success or self-evaluation, negative self-talk, worries about performance, images of failure, inability to concentrate, and disrupted attention. While, the somatic is the physiological element, which is related to autonomic arousals. The main purpose of this study was to examine the levels of anxiety of somatic and cognitive, before and during competition among student-athletes. The participants of this study were recruited from Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP). The instrument used for the study comprised of a 27-item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, which had been distributed during MASUM (Sport between Universities) competition to the student-athletes. The participants of this study were recruited from Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP). The sample consisted of 112 athletes, with national athletes (N=21), state athletes (N=33), district athletes (N=23), and university athletes (N= 35). The results showed that elite or national athletes exhibited lower levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety than non-elite athletes. The result also showed that the exits of negative correlation between cognitive anxiety and sport performance, and somatic anxiety and sport performance. Sport psychologists, sport counselors and coaches should use the present findings to recommend coping strategies to university and district level athletes that are appropriate for dealing with their athletes' cognitive and somatic anxiety.
Competitive Anxiety in Lifesavers and Swimmers
This study examined state and trait anxiety in competitive lifesavers and swimmers. The participants completed the SAS and the CSAI-2d before a training session and the CSAI-2d again before a competition. The competitive lifesavers were found to have lower levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety than competitive swimmers. Both groups were found to have lower levels of self-confidence but higher levels of somatic anxiety before a competition than before regular training sessions. Lifesavers found their levels of somatic anxiety to be more facilitative than the swimmers did. Both groups perceived that higher levels of self-confidence were more facilitative before competition than before training. Differences in the relationship between state and trait anxiety for swimmers and lifesavers were observed. The generally lower levels of cognitive and somatic state anxiety in lifesavers and their interpretation of somatic anxiety during competition would benefit their performance and decision making.
Changes in state anxiety prior to competition : sport and exercise psychology
It has been shown that competitive anxiety can negatively affect athletic performance. Psychological interventions must be used in the pre-competition period to prevent the debilitative effects of state anxiety. The aim of the present study was to investigate the temporal changes in state anxiety in the period leading up to competition. Male high school swimmers (N=62) participated in the study. A cross-sectional quantitative research design that used the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) to measure state anxiety was employed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Baseline and precompetitive state anxiety scores were analyzed by means of the paired t-test. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.000) between state anxiety scores measured at baseline (seven days before the competition) and at precompetition (one hour before competition). Again, there were significant differences between baseline and precompetit...
A STUDY ON PRE AND POST COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY AMONG THE ATHLETES
RUBICON PUBLICATIONS, 2020
This study investigates and evaluates pre and post competitive anxiety, self-confidence and performance of the athletes. The Cognitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was administered to collect data from 73 athletes, both men and women, before and after the competition, who participated in the Reliance Foundation Youth Sports (RFYS)-Athletics, held at Gachibowli Stadium, Hyderabad. Paired t-test was used to find the significant difference between the pre and post competition. Results showed that the levels of cognitive state anxiety before the competition was low as compared after the competition and the levels of somatic state anxiety before the competition was high as compared after the competition whereas the levels of self-confidence before the competition was high as compared after the competition. This study concludes that the levels of cognitive state anxiety increases after the competition as athletes could not perform according to the performance expectations on the contrary the levels of somatic anxiety decreases as there was no pressure of performance on the athletes after the competition and the levels of self-confidence decreases after the competition as athletes could not reach their desired performance levels.
Examination of Anxiety Levels: Practice vs. Competition among High School Track and Field Athletes
International Journal of Sports Science, 2021
Somatic and cognitive state anxiety levels can increase before a competitive event which can result in decreased performance and increase injury risk. Identifying situations that could cause high levels of anxiety are important so that proper anxiety management techniques can be implemented. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety as well as self-confidence among high school track and field athletes prior to practice and competition. METHODS: One high school track and field team (n=16: male n=8, female n=8) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) survey prior to competition and again prior to practice. The CSAI-2 contains three subscales (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence). The CSAI-2 subscale scores were compared between the pre-practice and the pre-competition scenarios with paired t-tests (α<0.05). RESULTS: Statistical differences in the subscale scores (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) were found between practice and the competition (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the parameters of this study, anxiety appears to be higher and self-confidence lower prior to a competition versus practice. Future research should examine if such a relationship exists among other high school sports.