Development of the Effect of Video Assistant Referee Application on Football Parameters (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2020
The main purpose of the present study was to assess if the intervention of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) had effects in the playing time and in the technical-tactical and physical performances of the teams in the Spanish LaLiga during 2018-19 season. A total of 375 matches were grouped according the number of VAR interventions: none (VAR0), one (VAR1) and two or three (VAR2). The variables recorded were: total (TPT) and effective (EPT) playing time, passes, dribbles, crosses, shots, goals, corners, fouls, width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to their defence, and total (TD) and above 21 km/h distance covered. The results were: I) there was a slight increase in the TPT in VAR2 compared to VAR1 and VAR0 (99.1 vs. 96.0 vs. 95.1, respectively); II) there was a decrease in the EPT between VAR0 and VAR1 (52.5 vs. 51.5); III) there was an increase in the number of goals (1.2 vs. 1.5 vs. 1.7, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2); and, IV) there was a slight decrease in the TD (108,916 vs. 107,916 vs. 106,977, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2). In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that the VAR hardly changes the game in elite soccer.
Soccer & Society, 2023
Fairness is one of the key requirements for sport. Thus, the refereeing must be impartial. Therefore, to ensure that a referee can make verifiable correct decisions increasingly technical aids are used during live play. In soccer, next to goal-line technologies (GLT), the introduction of a Video Assistant Referee (VAR) was a major step to increase fairness in decisionmaking. Accordingly, the present study aimed to further investigate how the VAR in soccer is accepted and whether there is a difference between soccer referees' and fans' perceptions regarding the VAR. Therefore, selfidentified soccer fans and/or former or active referees were contacted through various outlets leading to 1.442 completed questionnaires. The results indicated that soccer referees evaluate the VAR more positively compared to soccer fans. This supports previous research regarding the VAR but highlights the need for soccer associations to further educate spectators about the merits of the VAR.
OA Journal - Sports, 2019
This (short) article/commentary discusses the video-assisted referee (VAR) system in association football. Based on simple logic, the link between uncertainty of outcome and VAR is established, and the article concludes that general introduction of the VAR system may be harmful to association football as it may lower uncertainty of outcome to levels which may seriously harm future demand.
International Journal of Computer Science in Sport
The main objective of this article was to analyse whether the Interactive Video Test (IVT) is a useful tool for the practical off-field training of soccer assistant referees, and if its use could reduce erroneous on-field decisions when applying Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. Assistant referees were taken from the Spanish 2nd “B” and 3rd Divisions, and were divided into two groups, the Experimental Group (EG) and the Control Group (CG). The referees in the EG were trained with the Interactive Video Test by analysing 720 off-side decisions. Subsequently, both groups were assessed in on-field tests involving the simulation of 326 possible off-side situations. When the results of both groups were compared, there was a continuous improvement over time in the EG associated to the use of the IVT, significantly better than the improvement of the CG. Moreover, the IVT proved to be a good diagnostic tool to assess the skills of assistant referees in perceiving and evaluating off-side situat...
Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer
American journal of sports science, 2016
Soccer referees are required to make instant decisions during the game under non-optimal conditions such as imperfect view of the incident and substantial pressure from the crowd, the teams, and the media. Some of the decisions can be subjective, such as a yellow card decision after a foul is called, where different referees might make different decisions. Here we perform quantitative analysis of factors related to the reputation of the team such as the team's rank, budget, and crowd attendance in home games, and correlate these factors with referee decisions such as penalty kicks and yellow cards. The calls were normalized by dividing the number of yellow cards by the number of fouls, and the number of penalty kicks by the number of shot attempts from the penalty box. Application of the analysis to the four major soccer leagues shows that certain referee decisions have significant correlation with factors such as the team's rank, budget, and audience in home games, while for other decisions the Pearson correlation is not statistically significant. For budget, or audience in home games. On the other hand, a significant Pearson correlation has been identified between the chance of a foul call to result in a yellow card and the rank or budget of the team in the Bundesliga. The strongest correlation has been observed between the chance of a tackle to result in a foul call, and the budget and rank of the team.
Variability of soccer referees' match performances
International journal of sports medicine, 2011
The aim of the present study was to determine the between-match variability in soccer referees' match performances. 1 269 individual match observations were undertaken on 59 referees (range 2-79 games per referee) officiating in the English Premier League and Championship from 2003/2004 to 2007/2008 using a computerised tracking system (Prozone (®), Leeds, England). Between-match coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated for all games and then compared between referee age and experience groups. High mean CVs were observed for high-speed running distance (25.9±10.1%), recovery time (32.7±13.8%), explosive sprints (34.3±16.6%), total number of sprints (54.0±20.7%) and number of match fouls (28±4.6%). Smaller CVs were observed for total distance covered (3.8±1.5%), top sprinting speed (5.6±10.9%), distance from the ball (4.2±1.9%) and the distance from fouls (9.9±4.3%). Variability in match activities was not influenced by referee age or experience. The present study's fin...
Frontiers in Psychology, 2020
The inclusion of the video assistant referee (VAR) in the Laws of the Game [International Football Association Board (IFAB)] reflects a historic action in the world of soccer. The VAR was designed to reduce critical errors in soccer referees' decision-making (DM), thereby increasing the social perceptions of justice. From the referees' perspective, the implementation of the VAR represents a technical-technological career change event. This case study adopted an intrinsic mixed-methods methodology to investigate the implementation of the VAR system within the Israeli Premier League context. The results indicated that the initial VAR performance rates of the Israeli referees were not high compared with data from other countries (e.g., Italy). The Israeli referees perceived the VAR implementation as a moderate change event in their careers. The largest effects were in pre-match preparation, players' management, public perception, and DM. The referees felt that their perceived pressure during the matches decreased. This change event produced off-field demands mostly related to the educational process and on-field demands mainly related to developing VAR proficiency. The referees also experienced off-field (e.g., lack of clear goals and rewards system) and on-field barriers (e.g., errors of the VARs). To effectively cope with these new demands and barriers, most of them initially consulted with others and then made a decision to apply all necessary adjustments in response to the new situation. They also received considerable support yet perceived their cooperation with the professional committee as moderate. The referees showed some professional improvements; still they experienced scrutiny from the clubs, the media, and the Referee Union. Thus, three of them perceived the outcome of this change process favorably, four naturally, and four negatively. The discussion presents reflections of these findings in light of the recently emerging literature on technological officiating aids in sport. Recommendations are provided for referee unions who aspire to integrate the VAR system into their operation.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2019
The inroad of digital media technologies into football has simplified referees decisions on contestable goals. This study examine the adoption of Video Assistant Referees (VAR) and Goal Line Technology (GLT) and how the interpretation of the communication between referees affects the outcome of the games. This study is anchored on Diffusion of Innovations theory. A sample of 150 pitch-based referees were proportionally selected on the basis 25 per continents for interview. This study is aimed at exploring the communicative frame of reference for technological and pitch-based referees. The study argued that VAR and GLT communication situation is largely interpreted using guess work by the pitch-based referees, as angular lens, perspectives and human prejudice of technological referees in the control room subjects the pitch-based referees to polysemous interpretations. Contrary to the speculations that the diffusion of technology usually resulted to structural unemployment, the adoption of VAR and GLT has opened up opportunities for increased numbers of referees and match officials. Consequently, this research tries to establish whether the diffusion of digital media technology into football officiating has excommunicate human errors and blunders envisaged in the era of analogue pitch and referees, thereby setting the paste for minimal errors in the contemporary phase of digital officiating.
2014
Background & Study Aim: Distortion of final score of a match occurs as a result of misjudgement made by referees during football competitions. The aim of this paper is to recommend the SET method (Ger. Schiedsrichter-Entscheidungs-Training) as an appropriate tool to verify the competence of referees. Material & Methods: The method (SET) developed by the German Football Association may also be used in other sport disciplines to train referees in decision-making process. Our suggestion relates to modelling aggression risk (interpersonal and/or transferred) among fans, the risk of health or life threats to the referee as well as the likelihood of score distortion caused by refereeing errors. Results: Similar training method has been used for several years in other sport disciplines (volleyball, judo). During judo training sessions (at least twice a year) referees analyse approximately sixty video-taped actions from leading sport competitions (European Championships, World Championships...