Recent advances in methods of synthesis and applications of bacterial cellulose/calcium phosphates composites in bone tissue engineering (original) (raw)
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Bacterial Cellulose Hybrid Composites with Calcium Phosphate for Bone Tissue Regeneration
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a unique microbial biopolymer with a huge number of significant applications in the biomedical field, including bone tissue engineering. The present study proposes to obtain and characterize BC hybrid composites with calcium phosphate as biocompatible and bioactive membranes for bone tissue engineering. BC precursor membranes were obtained in static culture fermentation, and after purification, were oxidized to obtain 2,3-dialdehyde bacterial cellulose (DABC). Calcium phosphate-BC oxidized membranes were produced by successive immersion in precursor solutions under ultrasonic irradiation. The samples were characterized for their physicochemical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR), and complex thermal analys...
Bacterial cellulose-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for bone regeneration
International Journal of Biomaterials, 2011
The aim of this study was to develop and to evaluate the biological properties of bacterial cellulose-hydroxyapatite (BC-HA) nanocomposite membranes for bone regeneration. Nanocomposites were prepared from bacterial cellulose membranes sequentially incubated in solutions of CaCl 2 followed by Na 2 HPO 4 . BC-HA membranes were evaluated in noncritical bone defects in rat tibiae at 1, 4, and 16 weeks. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the amount of the mineral phase was 40%-50% of the total weight. Spectroscopy, electronic microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analyses, and X-ray diffraction showed formation of HA crystals on BC nanofibres. Low crystallinity HA crystals presented Ca/P a molar ratio of 1.5 (calcium-deficient HA), similar to physiological bone. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis showed bands assigned to phosphate and carbonate ions.
Composite material that containts of organic matrix and hydroxyapatite can be used as artificial bone material. The lack in mechanical strength of hydroxyapatite is supported by the organic matrix. Composite of bacterial cellulose – hydroxyapatite has been synthesized by chemical deposition methode in which Ca 2+ ions and PO 4 3-ions were incorporate into hydrogel bacterial cellulose at 90°C and pH > 9. The aim of this research was to study the effect of bacterial cellulose matrix to the osteoinductivity property of composite bacterial cellulose – hydroxyapatite, by comparing experiment method and computation method. The experiment method was carried out in four steps; (1) production of bacterial cellulose by hestrin-shramm medium and Acetobacter Xylinum bacteria, (2) purification of bacterial cellulose by NaOH solution, (3) deposition of calcium phosphate into bacterial cellulose matrix, (4) products analysis by UTM, XRD, and SEM-EDS. The computation method was carried by using HF/6-31G* theory. The Young's modulus of bacterial cellulose was increased from 0.74 GPa to 1.54 GPa after purification process by NaOH 4% solution. Calcium ions and phosphate ions that incorporated to bacterial cellulose matrix forms hydroxyapatite structure that showed by difractogram XRD. The specific peaks that belong to 0 1 9 F hydroxyapatite structure appear at 2 = 10.. The surface mophology of bacterial cellulose was completely change after deposition of calcium phosphate. Study with computation methode showed that interaction energy of Ca 2+ ion and dimer glucose of-247.13 kJ/mol, PO4 3-ion and dimer glucose of-321.17 kJ/mol and CaPO4-and dimer glucose of-78.79 kJ/mol. It's mean that Ca 2+ ion more freely to move in cellulose structure than PO 4 3-ion. Reaction between Ca 2+ ions and PO 4 3-ions in bacterial cellulose matrix will produce calcium phosphate that only has weak interaction with cellulose. After the reaction, again cellulose molecule will attract Ca 2+ ions and PO4 3-ions from outside matrix to form calcium phosphate inside the matrix. It can be conclude
Bacterial cellulose-based scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering
The qualities of polymer based biomaterials in facilitating bone regeneration process through tissue engineering have attracted the attention of researchers. Biomaterials with properties that can be manipulated to mimic the three-dimensional architecture of extracellular matrix (ECM) of the native bone tissues, with mechanical properties required for scaffold, biodegradability, excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity are required. The unique qualities of bacterial cellulose (BC) including biocompatibility, good mechanical strength, microporosity and biodegradability with its unique surface chemistry make it ideally suitable for bone regeneration applications. The ease of being manipulated to mimic any form and structure make it good scaffold biomaterial to incorporate other nanoparticles for cell proliferation and differentiation for timely osseointegration and bone ingrowth. This review detailed requirements of scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering, provides comprehensive knowledge and highlights of current research on bacterial cellulose composites used for tissue engineering and the potentials of bacterial cellulose for bone regeneration including other nanoparticles incorporated.
Nano-hydroxyapatite/cellulose composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering
The aim of this study is to investigate the biomimetic mineralization on a cellulose-based porous matrix with an improved biological profile. The cellulose matrix was precalcified using three methods: (i) cellulose samples were treated with a solution of calcium chloride and diammonium hydrogen phosphate; (ii) the carboxymethylated cellulose matrix was stored in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution; (iii) the cellulose matrix was mixed with a calcium silicate solution in order to introduce silanol groups and to combine them with calcium ions. All the methods resulted in a mineralization of the cellulose surfaces after immersion in a simulated body fluid solution. Over a period of 14 days, the matrix was completely covered with hydroxyapatite crystals. Hydroxyapatite formation depended on functional groups on the matrix surface as well as on the precalcification method. The largest hydroxyapatite crystals were obtained on the carboxymethylated cellulose matrix treated with calcium hydroxide solution. The porous cellulose matrix was not cytotoxic, allowing the adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblastic cells. Comparatively, improved cell adhesion and growth rate were achieved on the mineralized cellulose matrices.
Cellulose, 2019
Today, many people are suffering from bone defects due to trauma, tumor or bone related diseases. Mimicking bone in terms of composition and structure has been a challenge for tissue engineers. In this study, a novel 3D porous tissue-engineered construct composed of natural and easily-accessible biomaterials, namely (1) an exopolysaccharide; bacterial cellulose (BC), (2) mineral crystals; borondoped nano-hydroxyapatite (BHA), and (3) a natural protein; gelatin (GEL) as the main constituting biomaterial was prepared by a simple and cost-effective technique; lyophilization, for bone tissue engineering applications. BC was produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinum bacteria species and hydroxyapatite (HA) and BHA were synthesized via sol-gel technique. Characterizations of GEL-BC, GEL-BC/ HA, and GEL-BC/BHA scaffolds showed that they all possessed porous structure and pores became more irregular with the addition of HA or BHA. Scaffolds exhibited high water absorption, suitable degradation rate while having in vitro bioactivity with a Ca/P ratio similar to that of bone (Ca/P \ 1.67). Thermo-gravimetric analysis showed that structural stability of the scaffolds was improved with the addition of HA and BHA. The porosity of scaffolds was similar (68.49-80.94%). HA and BHA-incorporation into scaffolds further improved the mechanical properties. Cell culture studies conducted with Saos-2 cell line showed that cells attached, proliferated on the GEL-BC/BHA scaffolds at a higher level demonstrating that the scaffolds were cytocompatible. ALP activity of cells seeded on GEL-BC/BHA scaffolds was statistically highest at day 14 which was also correlated with the results of intracellular calcium deposition. Thus, GEL-BC/BHA scaffolds hold potential for use in bone tissue engineering applications.
Bacterial cellulose-collagen nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012
A nanocomposite based on bacterial cellulose (BC) and type I collagen (COL) was evaluated for in vitro bone regeneration. BC membranes were modified by glycine esterification followed by cross-linking of type I collagen employing 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. Collagen incorporation was studied by spectroscopy analysis. X-Ray diffraction showed changes in the BC crystallinity after collagen incorporation. The elastic modulus and tensile strength for BC-COL decreased, while the strain at failure showed a slight increase, even after sterilization, as compared to pristine BC. Swelling tests and contact angle measurements were also performed. Cell culture experiments performed with osteogenic cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion of newborn rat calvarium revealed similar features of cell morphology for cultures grown on both membranes. Cell viability/proliferation was not different between BC and BC-COL membranes at day 10 and 14. The high total protein content and ALP activity at day 17 in cells cultured on BC-COL indicate that this composite allowed the development of the osteoblastic phenotype in vitro. Thus, BC-COL should be considered as alternative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
The principal focus of this work is the in-depth analysis of the biological efficiency of inorganic calcium-filled bacterial cellulose (BC) based hydrogel scaffolds for their future use in bone tissue engineering/bioengineering. Inorganic calcium was filled in the form of calcium phosphate (β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA)) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The additional calcium, CaCO3 was incorporated following in vitro bio-mineralization. Cell viability study was performed with the extracts of BC based hydrogel scaffolds: BC-PVP, BC-CMC; BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO3; respectively. The biocompatibility study was performed with two different cell lines, i.e., human fibroblasts, Lep-3 and mouse bone explant cells. Each hydrogel scaffold has facilitated notable growth and proliferation in presence of these two cell types. Nevertheless, the percentage of DNA strand breaks was higher when cells were treated with B...
Production of hydroxyapatite–bacterial cellulose nanocomposites from agroindustrial wastes
Cellulose, 2015
Bone tissue engineering scaffolds used for the treatment of bone defects are required to be osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic, biocompatible, and have enough porosity to allow osteointegration, as well as vascularization. It is known that addition of the hydroxyapatite (HAp) to bone tissue scaffolds promotes bone formation by increasing osteoconductivity. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly biocompatible material, and its mechanical properties and fibrous structure allow that it can be used as a bone tissue scaffold; yet, the nano-porous structure of BC (50-200 nm) prevents or limits cell migration and vascularization. In this study, it is intended to take advantage of the porous structure and mechanical strength of BC and osteoconductive properties of HAp for the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. Pore sizes of BC were enhanced to 275 lm by a novel shredded agar technique, and SaOs-2 cells were shown to migrate between the fibers of the modified BC. It was observed that mineralization of SaOs-2 cells was enhanced on in situ produced HAp-BC nano-composites compared to BC scaffolds.