Learning and power in international development partnerships: a case study of Iowan farmers in Uganda (original) (raw)

Managing Dynamics of Power and Learning in Community Development: A Case Study of Iowan Farmers in Uganda

Extension professionals facilitate community development through the strategic manipulation of learning and power in peer-to-peer learning partnerships. We discuss the relationship between empowerment and power, highlight relevant literature on the difficulties power presents to learning and the efficacy of service learning tools to facilitate mutual learning and present original findings from our research on an international development partnership in which Extension professionals had partial success in creating opportunities for mutually empowering learning among farmers from Iowa and Uganda. We recommend that Extension professionals encourage learning across power gradients by providing opportunities for informal conversations and encouraging reflection by participants.

Learning and power in international farmer exchanges

2013

The “Bridging the Gap” program provides an opportunity to explore the relationships between learning and power in international agricultural development partnerships. A USAID-­‐funded partnership between Iowa State University and Volunteer Efforts for Development Concerns, this farmer-­‐to-­‐farmer program sent groups of Iowan women farmers to Uganda to teach Ugandan women farmers with the objectives that Ugandans would move from subsistence to commercial farming and that both groups would benefit from the cultural exchange. Data were collected primarily through semi-­‐structured qualitative interviews of 28 Ugandan farmers, 7 Iowan farmers, and several program staff, and were analyzed using a grounded-­‐theory approach. This thesis explores what and how each group of farmers learned from the other, the impacts of learning on power and vice-­‐versa, and makes recommendations to encourage mutual learning in similar programs. Both Ugandan and Iowan farmers learned through the “Bridgin...

Organising partnerships for knowledge transfer in a cross-cultural agricultural context : the case of Sino-Mozambican partnership for rice-farming in southern Mozambique

2017

This thesis reports on a study of a partnership that sought to establish high-yield rice production within the Baixo-Limpopo region of Mozambique. This project is part of the wider Sino-Mozambique cooperation to boost agriculture development in Mozambique; particularly to resolve the problem of low productivity of the local rice farmers. The thesis reports an action research study of how stakeholders have sought to improve the management and organisation of the project to avoid the cost of working across-cultures, by accepting difference as a resource for innovation. Drawing on the literature on knowledge transfer, inter-organisational collaboration and cross-cultural relations, I explain the ways in which the management task faced by stakeholders in the project context is complex. Then, I describe a participatory action research (PAR) intervention in which project stakeholders were empowered to own the project improvements and actively participate in their realisation. The PAR appr...

Multi-Sector Collaboration for Capacity Building in Developing Countries: A Context for Theorizing Transformative Learning at a Systems Level

2014

Multi-sector collaboration (MSC) offers a means to transform agricultural education and training (AET) capacity in developing countries. Drawing upon transformative learning theory and adult education concepts, this paper describes a theoretical lens to understand and advance adult learning through MSC to produce a more coordinated and sustainable workforce. The world faces challenges that require solutions far beyond individual sectors and necessitates combined efforts from multiple stakeholders. Global hunger, which kills more people annually than AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined (FAO, 2012), represents one of these challenges. Improved education and training in multiple sectors of the food system is a necessary prerequisite for addressing global hunger (Maguire, 2012). Agricultural education and training (AET) systems that span multiple educational contexts are currently insufficient to train qualified workers for an agricultural workforce in many developing countries (Ma...

Enhanced learning from multi-stakeholder partnerships: Lessons from the Enabling Rural Innovation in Africa programme

Natural Resources Forum, 2007

Despite increasing interest and support for multi-stakeholder partnerships, empirical applications of participatory evaluation approaches to enhance learning from partnerships are either uncommon or undocumented. This paper draws lessons on the use of participatory self-reflective approaches that facilitate structured learning on processes and outcomes of partnerships. Such practice is important to building partnerships, because it helps partners understand how they can develop more collaborative and responsive ways of managing partnerships. The paper is based on experience with the Enabling Rural Innovation (ERI) in Africa programme. Results highlight the dynamic process of partnership formation and the key elements that contribute to success. These include:

Learning how to do things differently: Challenges in sharing tacit knowledge for agricultural and rural development (with examples from India and Namibia)

Symposium on Learning Alliances for Scaling Up …, 2005

Learning alliances (LAs) are considered to be a more sustainable alternative for sharing knowledge than research projects, because they enable flexible partnerships between a larger range of organisational levels, combine local adaptation with sharing of experience in a wider community, and are less constrained by project time horizons. This paper argues that, even though LAs have a number of advantages over projects, effective knowledge sharing and creation of innovations can only happen if there is a strong element of action research involved, which enables alliance partners to share the tacit knowledge embedded in technologies and innovations. Innovations both build on existing knowledge, and generate new knowledge. This knowledge can be either explicit (i.e. it can be codified and transmitted in a generally understood form, such as text) or implicit/ tacit (i.e. embodied in individuals and their skills and experiences). The tacit knowledge component of innovations is harder to share and scale up than those components that can be codified -leading to an inconsistency in knowledge transfer. In agricultural development, most innovations are nowadays about "doing things differently", including new ways of interacting and organising, rather than "doing different things", such as growing new crop varieties. These innovations have a very high component of tacit knowledge. While some authors have argued that tacit knowledge can be transferred into explicit knowledge, this paper argues that some forms of tacit knowledge can only be shared through "knowledge in action", e.g. doing things together. Therefore action research projects provide a valid component of learning alliances. The paper illustrates this with two cases from agricultural research that involved multi-agency, multi-disciplinary teams.

Collaborating in the field, working for change: Reflecting on partnerships between academics, development organizations and rural communities in Africa

Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 2007

Academics and development organizations approach fieldwork with somewhat different motivations, constraints and challenges. In many instances, fieldwork might be improved if greater collaboration occurred between these two parties. Rural communities are also important yet frequently taken for granted partners in the research process that deserve greater respect. This paper explores and describes the real and imagined impediments to greater collaboration between academics, development organizations and rural communities. The findings are based on 18 years of working with rural communities in Africa, both as a development practitioner and academic researcher. This reflection makes three contributions to the broader literature on fieldwork. First, it explicitly links two ongoing discussions, one on relationships with institutional partners, the other on interactions with rural communities. Second, it articulates the concerns of development organizations in their partnerships with academic researchers, a perspective rarely heard in a literature dominated by academic voices. Third, while feminist scholarship on fieldwork methods often wrestles with issues of positionality and engagement at the scale of the individual researcher, this reflection is aimed at the broader scale of the professional (academic and practitioner) communities involved in development praxis and scholarship.

Participation without Negotiating: Influence of Stakeholder Power Imbalances and Engagement Models on Agricultural Policy Development in Uganda

Rural Sociology, 2018

Although the political context in Uganda exhibits democratic deficit and patronage, research and development actors have given little attention to the possible negative impact these may have on agricultural policymaking and implementation processes. This article examines the influence of power in perpetuating prevailing narratives around public participation in agricultural policymaking processes. The analysis is based on qualitative data collected between September 2014 and May 2015 using 86 in‐depth interviews, 18 focus group discussions, and recorded observations in stakeholder consultations. Results indicate that while the political setting provides space for uncensored debates, the policymaking process remains under close control of political leaders, technical personnel, and high‐level officers in the government. Policy negotiation remains limited to actors who are knowledgeable about the technical issues and those who have the financial resources and political power to influe...

Exploring the complexity of partnerships in development policy and practice: Upstairs and downstairs

Development Policy Review, 2020

Motivation: The term partnership, and the balance of ownership within it, significantly influence the direction of the development field and whether it will be able to address increasingly complicated global challenges such as climate change, peace and security and growing inequality. Purpose: The article explores the nature of government donor-recipient partnerships, the struggle over ownership, and the possibility of transition-ing from top-down aid policy to genuine development cooperation. Approach and Methods: The discussion is based on the lead author's doctoral research and the authors' experiences of working with the Coady International Institute and the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. Findings: The research revealed ample evidence that proclamations of more equitable partnerships or recipient ownership of aid policy are undermined by historical power dynamics and coherency to dominant development narratives. However, a closer examination also found some room to create change as policy is negotiated and interpreted in a multitude of smaller policy spaces, including influences from networks of civil society organizations (CSOs). The article looks at two CSOs that use their "down-stairs" position to act as interlocutors with Southern partners. In some cases, they fostered more equitable partnerships and support South-South networks by applying an emancipatory learning approach and adapting aid modalities. This points to the potential for slow-and often reluctant-progress towards more equitable global partnerships and innovative practices. Policy Implications: The findings suggest that the asymmetrical nature of government donor-recipient partnerships can be addressed through a more nuanced learning approach and increased engagement with CSOs that can experiment with project modalities and support for CSO networks.

Who's learning from whom? Grassroots International NGOs learning from communities in development projects

Development in Practice, 2021

Discussions surrounding participation in development projects often frame knowledge exchanges in a unilateral manner. However, in the implementation of participatory activities by grassroots international nongovernmental organizations (GINGOs), community members frequently serve not only as beneficiaries but have essential impacts on the organizations guiding these participatory engagements. In this study, we examine these reciprocal engagement dynamics through a case study analysis of GINGOs based in the US working on development projects with communities in the Global South. Our analysis details ways these organizations are learning and applying knowledge from communities, and the importance of addressing questions of beneficiaries and power dynamics.