A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and ultra-capacitor system model for stand-alone residential applications (original) (raw)
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IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006
The available power generated from a fuel cell (FC) power plant may not be sufficient to meet sustained load demands, especially during peak demand or transient events encountered in stationary power plant applications. An ultracapacitor (UC) bank can supply a large burst of power, but it cannot store a significant amount of energy. The combined use of FC and UC has the potential for better energy efficiency, reducing the cost of FC technology, and improved fuel usage. In this paper, we present an FC that operates in parallel with a UC bank. A new dynamic model and design methodology for an FC-and UCbased energy source for stand-alone residential applications has been developed. Simulation results are presented using MATLAB, Simulink, and SimPowerSystems environments based on the mathematical and dynamic electrical models developed for the proposed system.
Design and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Based System for Residential Application
2015
Among Renewable energy technologies, fuel cell based power generation is gaining popularity in the residential sector mainly due to reliability, high efficiency, cleanliness and small scale applicability. This paper focuses on the modeling and the simulation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell based power supply system for residential applications. The polarization curve of a stack of 65 fuel cells is plotted by using MATLAB. Open loop and closed loop Simulation of a Fuel cell based system is carried out in MATLAB SIMULINK environment and the results are also discussed. Simulation model consist of PEMFC – MATLAB model, full bridge DC-DC converter and a single phase PWM inverter followed by an LC filter.
Portable PEM fuel cell-ultracapacitor system: Model and experimental verification
International Journal of Energy Research, 2009
This paper presents a dynamic model of portable direct hydrogen fed proton exchange membrane fuel cell-ultracapacitor (PEMFC-UC) power source. In the proposed system the UC is directly connected to the PEMFC output terminals. The UC is used to supply the power mismatch when the load is higher than the PEMFC output power. The model is then used to predict the output voltage and study the transient response of the PEMFC-UC system when subjected to rapid changes in the load. To validate the model, laboratory experiments are carried out using a 100 W commercially available PEMFC and an ultracapacitor. Results show a close agreement between the voltage and power responses of the proposed model and the actual PEMFC-UC system.
Modelling, simulation and control of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power system
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010
Fuel cell power systems are emerging as promising means of electrical power generation on account of the associated clean electricity generation process, as well as their suitability for use in a wide range of applications. During the design stage, the development of a computer model for simulating the behaviour of a system under development can facilitate the experimentation and testing of that system's performance. Since the electrical power output of a fuel cell stack is seldom at a suitable fixed voltage, conditioning circuits and their associated controllers must be incorporated in the design of the fuel cell power system. This paper presents a MATLAB/Simulink model that simulates the behaviour of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), conditioning circuits and their controllers. The computer modelling of the PEMFC was based on adopted mathematical models that describe the fuel cell's operational voltage, while accounting for the irreversibilities associated with the fuel cell stack. The conditioning circuits that are included in the Simulink model are a DC-DC converter and DC-AC inverter circuits. These circuits are the commonly utilized power electronics circuits for regulating and conditioning the output voltage from a fuel cell stack. The modelling of the circuits is based on relationships that govern the output voltage behaviour with respect to their input voltages, switching duty cycle and efficiency. In addition, this paper describes a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) design that is aimed at regulating the conditioning circuits to provide and maintain suitable electrical power for a wide range of applications. The model presented demonstrates the use of the FLC in conjunction with the PEMFC Simulink model and that it is the basis for more in-depth analytical models.
We model a heat pump-assisted PEMFC micro-CHP system for single-family households. We optimize the system net electrical efficiency at a range of varying loads. The proposed system performs at an average net electrical efficiency of 0.38. The proposed system performs at an average total system efficiency of 0.815. Cost analysis shows the potential of the proposed system for different unit costs. a b s t r a c t In this study a micro-combined-heat-and-power (micro-CHP) system is coupled to a vapor-compression heat pump to fulfill the residential needs for heating (space heating and water heating) and electricity in detached single-family households in Denmark. Such a combination is assumed to be attractive for application , since both fuel cell technology and electric heat pumps are found to be two of the most efficient technologies for generation/conversion of useful energy. The micro-CHP system is fueled with natural gas and includes a fuel cell stack, a fuel processor and other auxiliary components. The micro-CHP system assumes heat-led operation, to avoid dumping of heat and the use of complicated thermal energy storage. The overall system is grid-interconnected to allow importing and exporting of electricity as necessary. In this study emphasis is given on the operational characterization of the system. The variational loads are considered from full to quarter load, and the micro-CHP system is optimized in terms of operating thermophysical parameters for every different load. The results clearly indicate the capability of the proposed system to perform efficiently throughout all necessary load changes to fulfill the residential load profile. The average net electrical efficiency and average total system efficiency are 0.380 and 0.815, respectively. However cost analysis shows that certain synergies are necessary to allow the proposed system to make an entry to the energy market as a possible candidate to replace heat pump-only equipped households.
Energies, 2020
Currently, fuel cells are increasingly used in industrial installations, means of transport, and household applications as a source of electricity and heat. The paper presents the results of experimental tests of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) at variable load, which characterizes the cell’s operation in real installations. A detailed analysis of the power needed for operation fuel cell auxiliary devices (own needs power) was carried out. An analysis of net and gross efficiency was carried out in various operating conditions of the device. The measurements made show changes in the performance of the fuel cell during step changing or smooth changing of an electric load. Load was carried out as a change in the current or a change in the resistance of the receiver. The analysis covered the times of reaching steady states and the efficiency of the fuel cell system taking into account auxiliary devices. In the final part of the article, an analysis was made of the influence...
Development of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell cogeneration system
Journal of Power Sources, 2010
A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cogeneration system that provides high-quality electricity and hot water has been developed. A specially designed thermal management system together with a microcontroller embedded with appropriate control algorithm is integrated into a PEM fuel cell system. The thermal management system does not only control the fuel cell operation temperature but also recover the heat dissipated by FC stack. The dynamic behaviors of thermal and electrical characteristics are presented to verify the stability of the fuel cell cogeneration system. In addition, the reliability of the fuel cell cogeneration system is proved by one-day demonstration that deals with the daily power demand in a typical family. Finally, the effects of external loads on the efficiencies of the fuel cell cogeneration system are examined. Results reveal that the maximum system efficiency was as high as 81% when combining heat and power.
Energies, 2012
Many of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) models proposed in the literature consist of mathematical equations. However, they are not adequately practical for simulating power systems. The proposed model takes into account phenomena such as activation polarization, ohmic polarization, double layer capacitance and mass transport effects present in a PEM fuel cell. Using electrical analogies and a mathematical modeling of PEMFC, the circuit model is established. To evaluate the effectiveness of the circuit model, its static and dynamic performances under load step changes are simulated and compared to the numerical results obtained by solving the mathematical model. Finally, the applicability of our model is demonstrated by simulating a practical system.
2015
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
Modeling and control of a portable proton exchange membrane fuel cell–battery power system
Journal of Power Sources, 2011
A portable proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell-battery power system that uses hydrogen as fuel has a higher power density than conventional batteries, and it is one of the most promising environmentally friendly small-scale alternative energy sources. A general methodology of modeling, control and building of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell-battery system is introduced in this study. A set of fuel cell-battery power system models have been developed and implemented in the Simulink environment. This model is able to address the dynamic behaviors of a PEM fuel cell stack, a boost DC/DC converter and a lithium-ion battery. To control the power system and thus achieve proper performance, a set of system controllers, including a PEM fuel cell reactant supply controller and a power management controller, were developed based on the system model. A physical 100 W PEM fuel cell-battery power system with an embedded micro controller was built to validate the simulation results and to demonstrate this new environmentally friendly power source. Experimental results demonstrated that the 100 W PEM fuel cell-battery power system operated automatically with the varying load conditions as a stable power supply. The experimental results followed the basic trend of the simulation results.