The iodized salt programme in Bangalore, India provides adequate iodine intakes in pregnant women and more-than-adequate iodine intakes in their children (original) (raw)
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Salt Consumption Patterns and Iodine Nutrition Status of Pregnant Women in Coastal Region
Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2021
Background: Maternal Iodine Deficiency Disorder can result in inevitable cretinism as well as miscarriages, stillbirth and low birth-weight babies. Objective: There is a need to find out contributing factors towards urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women. Methods: Therefore, the cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to assess the patterns of salt utilization and iodine status of pregnant women living in coastal areas of Mon State in January and May, 2013. Result: A total of 144 pregnant women from Pa-Nga village and Kalokepi village in Thanbyuzayat township were asked by using structured questionnaires including age, parity, socioeconomic status and patterns of salt and iodine-rich foods (seaweed, fish, prawn) consumption. Casual urine samples were collected from each pregnant woman and urinary iodine concentrations were measured. Three samples each of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt from local markets were collected for determination of iodine content by the iodometric titration method. Only 83.3% of the study population consumed iodized salt and the remaining (16.7%) consumed non-iodized salt. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study population was 105 µg/L. The mean urinary iodine level of pregnant women who consumed iodized salt and that of pregnant women who consumed non-iodizes salt were 110.47 ± 67.34 µg/L and 95.83 ± 70.13 µg/L (P = 0.336). Iodine content of the iodized salt and non-iodized salt was 20.6 ± 9.2 ppm and 5.1 ± 1.2 ppm respectively. In conclusion, the median iodine level of pregnant women was lower than that of the optimal iodine nutrition for pregnant women, i.e., 150-250 µg/L and the mean iodine content of salt samples was lower than the permissible level of iodine in iodized salt, i.e., 30-40 ppm. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in this area is insufficient and salt iodization needs to be monitored for the optimal iodine content in iodized salt.
Iodine status in pregnancy and household salt iodine content in rural Bangladesh
Maternal & Child Nutrition, 2012
Adequate maternal iodine intake is essential during pregnancy for the development of the foetus. To assess the extent of iodine insufficiency and its association with household iodized salt in rural Bangladesh, we measured urinary iodine and household salt iodine content among pregnant women in early (Յ16 weeks, n = 1376) and late (Ն32 weeks, n = 1114) pregnancy. Salt (~20 g) and a spot urine sample (~10 mL) were collected from women participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation in rural northwestern Bangladesh during home visits in early and late pregnancy. Salt iodine was analyzed by iodometric titration, and urinary iodine by the Ohashi method. Almost all salt samples had some detectable iodine, but over 75% contained <15 ppm. Median (interquartile range) urinary iodine concentrations were 66 (34-133) and 55 (28-110) mg L-1 in early and late pregnancy, respectively; urinary iodine <150 mg L-1 was found in~80% of women at both times in pregnancy. Although the risk of iodine insufficiency declined with increasing iodine content of household salt (P for trend <0.05), median urinary iodine did not reach 150 mg L-1 until iodine in household salt was at least 32 ppm and 51 ppm during early and late pregnancy, respectively. Despite a national policy on universal salt iodization, salt iodine content remains insufficient to maintain adequate maternal iodine status throughout pregnancy in rural northern Bangladesh. Alternative measures like direct iodine supplementation during pregnancy could be considered to assure adequate iodine status during this high-risk period of life.
Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine
Daily requirement of iodine increases during pregnancy making pregnant women a high-risk group for iodine deficiency disorders. The limited available literature shows that even in iodine sufficient population, pregnant women are iodine deficient. The objective of this study is to assess the current iodine nutrition status among pregnant women in Ballabgarh, district Faridabad, Haryana. Pregnant women were recruited from antenatal clinic (ANC) of subdistrict hospital (SDH), Ballabgarh, Haryana. Consecutive sampling strategy was followed to recruit pregnant women, and women of all trimesters were included in the study. Urinary iodine estimation was done using simple microplate method, and salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration. The study was approved by Institute Ethics Committee, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. Out of the total 1031 pregnant women, 90.9% were using adequately iodized salt. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) salt consumption b...
Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for synthesis of thyroid hormones needed for optimal physical and mental growth and development. Deficiency of iodine is a significant public health problem in India especially among the pregnant and lactating women. Environmental iodine deficiency is the major etiological factor leading to Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD).Iodine content of a food largely depends on the soil in which it has been grown. Due to rains, flooding, deforestation, soil erosion etc the surface soil has been depleted of its iodine content over the years. In the present study commonly eaten food items of 98 iodine deficient pregnant and 42 iodine deficient lactating women were estimated for their iodine content and it was found that most of the food commodities contained negligible iodine (µg/100g) which could be one of the reasons for their iodine deficiency. It could be concluded that sole dependence on day to day food items is not enough but other iodine rich commodities like adequately iodised salt should be regularly consumed to avoid the ill effects of iodine deficiency among pregnant and lactating women.
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2008
In Rajasthan, an Indian State with significant salt production, the sale of non-iodized salt for human consumption was banned in 1992. This study explored the relationships between the use of iodized salt in Rajasthan and the iodine status of children and pregnant women living in the area. In a State-wide survey, 30 clusters were selected proportionate-to-population-size and 40 school children, 6-12 years old, were enrolled by random house-to-house visits in each cluster. Twelve pregnant women from the same households were also sampled. Salt used for cooking and a casual urine sample from each child and pregnant woman were collected. The salt iodine content was measured by titration and the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by a quality-assured colorimetric method. Salt iodine content was >or=15 mg/kg in 41.9% of the households, and 23.0% used non-iodized salt. Median UIC was 139 microg/L in children and 127 microg/L in pregnant women. In households using non-iodized salt, the m...
Evaluation of Accessibility of Iodinated Salt and Nutritional Iodine Status during Pregnancy
Iranian Journal of Public Health
Background: To assess accessibility of iodinated salt and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study was carried out between October and December, 2009 in Urmia County, West Azerbaijan (WA), Iran. Methods: Data on demographic characteristics and iodinated salt accessibility were gathered through a questionnaire at 1st trimester. Household salt samples and urine samples (1st -and 3rd trimesters) were analyzed for iodine content. Pregnant women (n=490) at 1st trimester were interviewed. Of these, 490 subjects (12 prenatal care centers) were enrolled. Results: All participants declared that they were exclusive users of iodinated salt. Segregation of the household salt samples according to iodine content (0, 8, 15 and 30 ppm) revealed that the respective distributions were 3.3%, 1.4%, 23.7% and 71.6%. Median UIC levels at 1st and 3rd trimesters were 73.5 /g/L and 114/g/L respectively. Accordingly, 86% and 70% of participants exhibited UIC < 150 /g/L. Conclusion: Median UIC during pregnancy in WA is markedly lower than those previously reported for regions with adequate iodine status in the country. Thus, extra iodine is needed to maintain adequate iodine store during gestation. In addition, this preliminary study reveals that a significant proportion (28%) of the household salt samples had low iodine content (> 15 ppm) although a level (>20 and <40 ppm) is mandatory in Iran. Further studies are deemed necessary to elucidate the cause(s) for manifestation iodine deficiency among pregnant women despite 20 years after iodine fortification strategy.
Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2016
Introduction: Previous research shows that pregnant women, due to their increased need for iodine, are among the high risk groups for iodine deficiency. This study hence aimed to evaluate the status of women’s knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding iodine and iodized salt intake and its association with iodine nutrition levels. Materials and Methods: In this observational-analytical study, 100 pregnant women, residents of southern Tehran were randomly selected from five health care centers. Data collected included the general information and demographic characteristics and KAP questionnaires regarding iodized salt intake. Urine assessments of pregnant women and household salt samples were collected and evaluated. Results: Mean age of participants was 27.16±5.58 years, and their mean±SD knowledge, attitude and prachie scores were 62.5±20.8, 85.2±12.3, 64.7±14.3, respectively. Median urinary iodine concentrations and salt iodine content were 25.9(20.6-29.6) ppm and 109(60-160) 8g/L, respectively with 74% of women consuming salt containing 20-40 ppm iodine and 29% had urine iodine concentrations < 150 8g/L. Urine iodine concentration was significantly associated with practice score as well as with iodine content of salt. Conclusion: Although women suffered from iodine deficiency, their KAP scores regarding iodine and iodized salt consumption were adequate. Further assessment of other personal and social factors which could affect iodine nutrition status of pregnant women is recommended.
The effects of salt consumption habits on iodine status and thyroid functions during pregnancy
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021
Background/aim: Iodine is the basic substrate for thyroid hormone synthesis and is vital for the general population and especially pregnant women. Iodine deficiency may cause severe health problems for a foetus. This study aimed to determine the relationship, if any, between iodine level and thyroid function tests, and to determine the relationship between consumption of salt types and its effects on thyroid function tests in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and methods: Three hundred and six pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, who had known no thyroid disease history and had not received iodine supportive therapy, were included in the study. All patients were questioned for their preferred table salt or rock salt in daily use and urine iodine concentrations (UICs) were analysed in spot urine. The results were evaluated statistically according to salt usage preferences. Results: The median age of patients in the study was 27.8 (± 5.4). In terms of salt consumption habits, 235 (76.8%) of patients reported using table salt, and 71 (23.2%) reported using rock salt. Iodine deficiency was found in 75.81% (n = 232) of all cases according to urinalysis. Median UICs of table salt group were significantly higher than rock salt group (123.7 μg/L and 70.9 μg/L respectively, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although large-scale salt iodination began long time ago, iodine deficiency is still a serious health problem among pregnant women. According to this study, use of rock salt is associated with low urinary iodine concentration in pregnant women and TSH values within the reference limits are not a good indicator for determining the iodine level.