Women and Poverty (a Study in Foreign TKW in Tulung Agung Regency) (original) (raw)
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Jurnal Humaniora, 2012
Tenaga kerja wanita (TKW) sudah banyak memberikan jasa bagi keluarga, lingkungan, dan negara. Namun, pengalaman para TKW, baik secara fisik maupun batin, belum disadari secara lengkap. Para tenaga kerja wanita itu meninggalkan keluarga, budaya, status, dan eksistensi mereka sebagai anak dan/ atau sebagai ibu untuk bekerja di lingkungan baru dengan budaya yang sebelumnya belum mereka kenal. Para tenaga kerja wanita itu membantu keluarga dengan mengirimkan sejumlah uang yang dimanfaatkan keluarga untuk berbagai keperluan yang dapat meningkatkan tingkat kualitas kehidupan keluarga. Namun, jarang yang menyadari bahwa para wanita itu berada dalam suatu dimensi peralihan budaya. Mereka belum sepenuhnya bisa beradaptasi dengan budaya baru di tempat kerja dan, sebaliknya, merasa ada keterasingan dengan status dan eksistensi mereka di tempat asal beserta budaya yang mereka tinggalkan.
MAIN ISSUES OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS: An Analysis from Educational Sights Perspective
Issues on Indonesian migrant workers (IMW) have been seemingly never stopping due to the phenomenon of unemployment occured in the country for the last several decades. In facts, unemployment will continually increase as long as the provision of job vacancies available, both provided by the government and private agencies keep stagnant. When available, the workers will have low wages or salary unlike the workers earning their living abroad that are paid relatively higher than those who work inside of the country. This fact triggers the job-seekers to work abroad in the hope of higher salary that may increase their families welfare. The problem is, that not all of them can realize their dreams. Many of the workers particularly those who work for domestic sectors have experienced inhumane treatments from their employers, such as psychological and physical violence, rape, working without salary for months even as long as their lasted working contract and tragically, homicide. Based on some researchs, such problems occured due to their lack of the followings: (1) skills both in doing their domestic duties and unability to communicate using the target language used in the working countries such as Arabian and English; (2) low education background (since most of IMW for Saudi Arabia and other Arabian countries, Singapore and Malaysia are recruited for elementary and junior highschool graduates) and (3) less intensive protection. This paper is intended to discuss on how to protect the devizen heroes and/or heroines from their employers' violences by considering that IMW program is currently impossible to stop for their significant remittances which achieved billions of dollars per year higher than other commodities such as tourism and oil. This paper is intended to find the better policies to provide the better protection against IMW problems abroad, particularly from labour existence abuse such as slavery and trafficking through this distinguished symposium forum. To my mind, such problems are possible to solve through the following policy aspects: (1) serious and intensive professional longer training time both in the relevant skills and target language/s use (so far it has been only scheduled between one to three months); (2) improve intensive protection in the IMW working countries through attached supervision that should be mandated toward the representative of PPTKLN (Board of IMW Placement and Protection Abroad) available in the target countries undercontroled by Indonesian Embassy as it is implied within the Act Number 39/2004 particularly written in Article 20 the first item; (3) amend or revise such law with the more effective G to G Convention by namely, for the sake of better protection provision for IMW human rights who have been supported Indonesian economy significantly.
The Local Impact of Indonesian Workers Migration: A Special Case at Ponorogo Regency
Proceedings of the Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Environmental Science, Society, and Technology, WESTECH 2018, December 8th, 2018, Medan, Indonesia, 2019
Many people from the high populated developing country migrate to the developed country in order to find the higher salary jobs. Indonesia is one of the Asian country sending a lot of workers abroad. The number of the migrant workers from Ponorogo regency is the seventh largest in Indonesia and the highest in East Java Province. Therefore, some positive and negative impact are found in Ponorogo related to migrant workers, including the economic impacts and family issues. It has been found from the previous researches that the migrant workers give the positive impact on the economic improvement in Ponorogo regency. However, the negative issues also arise in the family life of the migrant workers, such as the lack attention of their children and the high number of divorce lawsuits. Many people from the high populated developing country migrate to the developed country in order to find the higher salary jobs. Indonesia is one of the Asian country sending a lot of workers abroad. The number of the migrant workers from Ponorogo regency is the seventh largest in Indonesia and the highest in East Java Province. Therefore, some positive and negative impact are found in Ponorogo related to migrant workers, including the economic impacts and family issues. It has been found from the previous researches that the migrant workers give a positive impact on the economic improvement in Ponorogo regency. However, the negative issues also arise in the family life of the migrant workers, such as the lack of attention of their children and the high number of divorce lawsuits.
Technium Social Sciences Journal, 2023
Everyone who works abroad to fulfill their economic needs is a migrant worker. Migrant workers are Indonesians whose goal is to seek sustenance abroad to fulfill their needs. Limited employment opportunities and economic factors motivate people to look for opportunities to find work abroad. Indonesians feel that working abroad is expected to improve their economic and social conditions. This research uses the Empirical judicial method, which can also be called field research. Data collection techniques in this study used direct interviews, literature studies, and descriptive qualitative data processing technique. The results showed that the provision of protection to Indonesian Migrant Workers After placement, protection is provided to their families in the form of empowerment programs and new entrepreneurial assistance for former migrant workers and their families. Fulfillment of rights for former Indonesian migrant workers in the form of family rights and the rights of former migrant workers Rights for former migrant workers in the form of remittance management, which is useful for improving welfare and rights.
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2015
Indonesia provides a particularly intriguing context for a study of international migration of workforce. Most of the villages in Indonesia have been a sender of labor abroad. Remittance from migrant workers working overseas undoubtedly has a positive impact on socioeconomic development of local community in the country of origin. This research has conducted to get a general picture on the level of value-expectancy of Indonesian migrant workers working overseas, particularly in terms of their economic prosperity, level of comfortable living, as well as social status achieved in community. The research, which is using survey design, has been conducted at Tulungagung district, East Java, Indonesia. To meet this objective, 250 Indonesian migrant workers working overseas which are on their leave at the study area have been chosen for interviews. Results of the study show that remittance inflows have a significant impact on the level of economic prosperity, comfortable living, as well as social status achieved in community. Thus, it is not wrong when the main purpose of doing international migration is to improve the economic condition of the family.
International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre), 2020
At Present cannot be denied that at this time women who work outside the home have reached their peak with the discovery of promising employment fields from an economic perspective, namely as Women Migrant Workers Overseas. As happened in Wates sub-district, the reasons for women or wives choosing to work as women migrant workers abroad are from an economic background that is still not fulfilled, the high level of daily needs, education costs and children's health, while the income of their husbands which is still very low. Becoming Women Migrant Workers Overseas is considered as the answer to get a better economic status. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the social behavior and images exhibited by female migrant workers from Taiwan and Hong Kong after retiring and returning to their place of origin, and to describe and analyze internal and external factors that encourage social behavior exhibited by female migrant workers from Taiwan and Hong Kong after retiring and returning to their home regions. To uncover this reality, qualitative research methods are used where the data obtained is processed by organizing and sorting data into patterns or categories and describing basic units so that they are more readable and interpretable. Based on the facts and phenomena obtained in the field, the results of the study are as follows: First, Female Migrant Workers from Taiwan and Hong Kong after retirement and returning to their area of origin become more consumptive due to different expectations and realities after following lifestyle trends by no longer basing on the value of the goods they consume. Second, the Changing Behavior of Social Life of Migrant Workers Women from Taiwan and Hong Kong after retiring and returning to their hometown due to environmental factors, adaptation to the work environment, length of service and lack of communication. Third, the Community Perception of the Success of Women Migrant Workers from Taiwan and Hong Kong after retiring and returning to their hometowns is a hegemony that makes the Migrant Workers follow that perception. Internal and external factors that encourage social behavior exhibited by female migrant workers from Taiwan and Hong Kong after retiring and returning to their home areas internally include: motivation of women migrant workers working abroad to fulfill their needs, following in the footsteps of successful female migrant workers previously and the lack of employment opportunities in the country, and the perception of being a female migrant worker abroad brought changes in the economic upturn and appreciation from the community. External factors include, reference groups originating from female migrant worker friends tend to be influenced by technological advances and Western style, improving family life and encouraging other family members to become successful female migrant workers is the goal of women becoming female migrant workers abroad, working in Foreign Affairs is considered to be able to improve social class and dignity of self and their families better. From these findings, a Major Proposition for Changing Social Behavior of Former Women Workers can be drawn from a change in consumption behavior that tends not to base the value of the goods consumed and social life behavior caused by environmental factors, adaptation to the work environment, length of work and rarely communicate.
KnE Social Sciences
The complexity of the problems faced by Indonesian migrant workers (IMW) is a problem that needs to be taken seriously. One of the efforts made by the government to overcome this is the productive migrant village (PMV) Program. Among the regions that are considered successful in implementing the program is Ponorogo Regency. This is shown by the appreciation from the Minister of Manpower for the way IMW was handled. Based on this background, the purpose of this research is to analyze the implementation of the PMV Program for IMW in Ponorogo Regency. This research is an exploratory qualitative research. The subjects and informants in this study were the village government, the implementer of the PMV program, and the family of IMW, IMW, or former IMW. The focus of this research is the implementation of the PMV policy for IMW in Ponorogo Regency. Data were collected using interview, observation, and documentation techniques, with the research instrument being the researcher himself. Fur...
Changes in Socio-Economic and Cultural Behavior of Female Indonesian Migrant Workers
HABITAT, 2017
Indonesian Migrant Workers (BMI) is a development hero that contributes to reducing the national poverty rate; however, the departure of BMI abroad has an impact on the change of BMI and their families. This study aims to analyze the changes that occur in the socioeconomic and cultural sectors. The results showed that there was a change of socioeconomic and cultural behavior of full-time BMI women in the village of Majangtengah after they returned to the area of origin. Social change occurs in the family to the community. At the family level there is a change in the structure and function of the family because of the absence of a mother in the household. The core family structure is transformed into a widespread family, with no mother, the BMI who joins the family of origin. The second structure is to survive with the core family minus the mother, or father to be single parent. The third form is the children living alone at home because there is no parent or relative guarding.
Factors Influencing Indonesian Women Becomes Migrant Workers
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 2013
Tulisan ini menggambarkan bagaimana wanita Indonesia menjaga kemauan mereka untuk mencoba keberuntungan sebagai tenaga kerja di luar negeri, meski fakta menunjukkan bahwa beberapa tenaga kerja kurang terlindungi oleh Negara secara ekonomi dan politik. Pada hampir seluruh sektor ekonomi, baik formal dan non-formal, banyak tenaga kerja wanita (TKW) Indonesia yang hidup dan berkerja di luar negeri tidak mendapatkan hak mereka secara utuh sebagai pekerja dan terkadang harus kehilangan hak mendasar seperti upah minimum, tidak mendapatkan upah, upah ditahan atau tidak dibayarkan, juga ditolak untuk memiliki paspor mereka kembali. Ada banyak TKW Indonesia mengalami kekerasan fisik ataupun seksual oleh majikan mereka, sementara banyak pekerja wanita menjadi korban hingga dipaksa menjadi pelacur oleh penyalur mereka. Sebagai tambahan, beberapa TKW harus menghadapi masalah perlindungan yang serius. Banyak korban praktik korupsi seperti pengenaan pungutan ilegal oleh Polisi Indonesia dan polisi negara penerima TKW serta pekerja imigrasi; tuntutan pembayaran, pemerasan uang dan penyitaan barang-barang berharga. Tercatat bahwa, meski sengsara, jumah tenaga kerja terus meningkat, tulisan ini menganalisa mekanisme kausal pada tenaga kerja wanita dari sosail ekonomi dan politik di Indonesia.
The Reposition of Women’s Role in Migrant Worker’s Families in Karawang
E3S web of conferences, 2018
Being a migrant worker is an alternative choice for many Karawang people to get out of the economic hardship. The decision of many women to be a migrant worker indicates the reposition of their role from reproduction to production. However, this creates internal problems, as well as deeply affects their domestic functions and roles, in their families. This research aimed to describe the reposition of women's role in migrant workers' families related to their decision to work abroad. Case study was the method used to provide a complete and in-depth view on the subject under study. The subject was multi-sources with ten key informants of female migrant workers from Tempuran District in Karawang Regency. Data were collected through in-depth interview, observation, and library study. The result shows that the reposition of female migrant workers' role in Karawang is from domestic sphere (as housewives) to public sphere (as breadwinner). It occurs because of family economic pressure, which eventually resolved by working abroad. Although it has a positive impact on the fulfillment of family economic needs, it has a negative impact on psychological and social aspects of abandoned husbands and children.