Perspectivas en nacionalidades extranjeras sobre impactos del cambio climático y medio ambiente (original) (raw)
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The theme of climate change can be studied in several areas of knowledge, namely psychology, science and technology, economy and politics [1], [2], [3], [4]. We will discuss this topic as it relates to all countries of the world [5] using Portugal as a case study. We shall highlight the interconnection between biological systems [6] as it affects the sustainability of the planet Earth [7]. In psychology [8], climate change is perceived as an "existential threat" [9] due to its strong impacts on societies in general, and thus needs to be analyzed through different perspectives [10]. Doherty e Clayton [11] identified three classes of psychological impacts of climate change: direct impacts like environmental catastrophe; indirect impacts like future risks; and psychosocial impacts like migration, post-disaster adjustment or political conflicts. Regarding the first class of psychological impacts [12], Carl Jung's considers that the human psyche functions in the same way as natural systems. He stated that the environmental crisis (climate change) reflects the state of the human psyche, and thus is part of nature [13]. Through his theory of archetypes, he states that man is connected to nature and the manipulation of natural environments, by the western society, is parallel to the repressive attitude of the conscious ego to the unconscious, non-rational and intuitive parts of the psyche itself [14]. When we try to manipulate the external environment without respecting it, it will respond with a negative climate change. If we ignore or manipulate instinctive psychological functions, they return in the form of neurotic systems. With the principle that what is wrong in the world is also in human beings, the author emphasizes that in order to try to solve everyday problems, human beings have to be aware of their "shadow", which involves recognizing the darker aspects of our personalities. By denying its existence, it will have consequences not only on some individuals but also the entire world. Regarding the second class of psychological impact, the American Psychological Association, APA [15], through its most recent report about the impacts of the environmental crisis on the mental health of people, identified that the psychological effects of this crisis can include trauma, post-traumatic stress, feelings of anxiety and can lead to behavioural risks associated with suicide. These changes can also generate disorientation, low performance at work, in addition to harming the self-esteem and interpersonal relationships of people. The most serious thing is these changes can lead to loss of personal identity [16].