Discriminating Mental Skills among Adolescent Elite and Competitive Soccer and Volleyball Players (original) (raw)
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Anxiety in Volleyball: Gender Differences During Competition aspects. The authors concluded that the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), which includes somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption subscales (Smith et al., 2006), stands out as a valuable tool for evaluating cognitive and somatic trait anxiety in child and adolescent athletes in sports performance settings. Variations in anxiety levels based on gender and types of sports are highlighted in the literature (Correia & Rosado, 2019). Combat sports athletes, as indicated by Kumar et al. (2021), tend to experience higher sports competitive anxiety compared to team and individual sports participants. Correia and Rosado (2019) reported elevated levels of competitive trait anxiety, cognitive and somatic anxiety, and worries in female athletes, with increased concentration disruption noted in males. Additionally, they found higher levels of cognitive anxiety, worry, and somatic anxiety among individual sport athletes compared to those in team sports. Within the context of volleyball, Englert and Seiler (2020a) noted a negative relationship between performance and state anxiety among female players. This synthesis underscores the intricate interplay of anxiety dynamics across genders and types of sports in the realm of athletics. Anxiety increases arousal by releasing chemicals like adrenaline and noradrenalin ("Anxiety And Arousal," 2019). There are different theories of anxiety concerning sports performance. According to the 'Inverted-U Hypothesis' (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908) and 'Multidimensional Anxiety Theory'(Krane, 1990), the optimum level of anxiety is good for sportspersons to perform well in competition by keeping his/her focus on the goal, but below or more than that level may decrease the sports performance. 'Drive theory' (Hull, 1944) stated that better performance is only possible in the presence of a higher level of anxiety. The level of anxiety depends on the individual's coping ability with anxiety. (James & Apter, 1983) Anxiety affects an individual physiologically, psychologically, and cognitively, which ultimately influences his/her performance (Smith & Smoll, 1990). So, it is clear that sports performance varies according to the level of anxiety. Irrespective of individual or team sports, the level of anxiety changes according to the actual situation of the sports. The level of anxiety remains higher during the actual competition than before or after the competition (Singh et al., 2014). In volleyball, the level of anxiety differs according to the level of competition (Vamsikrishna & Selvam, 2022). The popularity of a particular sport in a specific region may also increase the players' anxiety levels (Legesse, 2016). Research also reported that volleyball players in urban areas have higher levels of anxiety (Bhatti, 2018). Proper care must be taken by the sports practitioner, coaches, sports psychologists, and sports training experts regarding the level of anxiety while preparing the sports persons for higher levels of sports competition (Ford et al., 2017) through various anxiety-controlling training programs like mindfulness and meditation (Ong, 2020).
Does Precompetitive Anxiety Affect Perceived Competitive Efficacy of Volleyball Players?
Sixty minutes before their match, 47 senior male volleyball players filled out the CSAI2R questionnaire for assessing the level and the direction of somatic and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Volleyball players, on average, have a low level of somatic and cognitive anxiety (just over the minimum values), and a high level of self-confidence. On average, the participants perceive somatic and cognitive anxiety as something that has a slightly positive impact on their performance, while self-confidence has a moderately positive impact on their performance. For the purposes of further data analysis, the participants were classified into two groups. The first group included volleyball players (N=31) who, following the match, evaluated their performance as above average. The second group included volleyball players (N=16) who evaluated their performance as below average. There were no significant differences in the level and directionality of separate anxiety components and self-co...
Similarities and Differences in Aspects of Mental Skills in Individual and Team Sport
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (ICSSHPE 2019), 2020
This study was aimed at finding out which aspects of mental skills are similar and which aspects of mental skills are significantly different in individual athletes and team sport athletes. The method used was a descriptive method with the survey technique. The research sample consisted of 455 athletes from 28 sports in Universitas Negeri Jakarta. This study used a mental skills questionnaire consisting of seven aspects: selfconfidence, negative energy control, concentration, the ability of visualization and imagery, motivation, positive energy, and behavioral control. The data analysis technique used was the different tests using variance analysis. The results of the study show the followings: 1) There was a significant difference between the mental skill profile in individual sports and team sports (p= 0.032 <0.05; 2) There was a significant difference in the mental skill aspects of negative energy control (p = 0.008 <0.05), concentration (p= 0.000 <0.05), and positive energy (p = 0.024 <0.05) between athletes of individual sports and athletes of team sports; 3) There were similarities for the mental skill aspects of self-confidence (p = 0.129> 0.05), visualization and imagery abilities (p = 0.336> 0.05), motivation (p= 0.315 > 0.05), and attitude control (p= 0.343> 0.05) between individual sports and team sports.