Entrepreneurial University Concept Review from the Perspective of Academicians: A Mixed Method Research Analysis (original) (raw)
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A Concept of Entrepreneurial University: Critical Analysis of Literature
International Journal of Business Management and Processes (ISSN 2616-3209), 2021
The search for new sources of finance to replace declining government funding for higher education is a strong imperative for universities in a number of economies to adopt "new managerialism" and "entrepreneurialism". In the 21st century, the "entrepreneurial university" tends to displace the 20th century's socially-oriented "mass university", yet must still co-exist with the traditional "ivory tower" university. "The role of the entrepreneurial university is increasingly being seen as important for finding new ways to compete and succeed in uncertain and unpredictable environments and for finding new solutions to the multiple challenges that need to be addressed for the public good whether local or global". The main objective of this article was to contribute to the understanding of the entrepreneurial university and to determine the factors for successful entrepreneurship universities. The author used entrepreneurship theories to define and conceptualize entrepreneurial university. Design/methodology/approach: The author used a qualitative approach by reviewing literature on the concept of entrepreneurship universities. Findings: This study presents a conceptualization for entrepreneurial universities and proposes six factors for the successful entrepreneurial universities. Conclusions and recommendations: for universities to transform to entrepreneurial universities it requires considerable effort, top managers of the universities should change the style of management, reduce bureaucracy to enhance decision making, monitor the external environment and reduce time wastage. The result of the study is useful to university managers, investors, academicians and policy makers.
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Due to the current scenario of economic and technological development based on knowledge and innovation, young entrepreneurs and startups have become a key characteristic on the markets. Universities, in turn, assume the role of entrepreneurs when they create new ventures from teaching and research efforts and start to become relevant for regional economic e technological development. This paper presents the different aspects of the 'Entrepreneurial University', highlighting among the literature different approaches about its concepts and criteria for characterization. The study was conducted from a systematic literature review on scientific bases. A total of 361 papers were found, and after applying filters, 80 of these were analyzed. As a result, are presented quantitative analysis about the bibliographic production, and the main concepts present in the literature. Thus, this article contributes to a better understanding of what entrepreneurial universities are, and how it is possible to characterize them.
Entrepreneurial universities: literature review
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The article is devoted to the generalization and development of the terminology that is used to describe the essence and content of the concept “entrepreneurial university”. The results of the literature review allow us to present the concept “entrepreneurial university” in the form of a system of interrelated economic terms. Based on the analysis of search queries, using the databases of Scopus and Google Scholar, the publications that reveal the content of the concept “entrepreneurial university” were selected; the features and key characteristics of the definition of this concept by various authors were defined; the authors’ interpretation has been provided. The analysis of research in the field of university entrepreneurship, which currently covers 314 articles published in various scientific journals, allows us to inductively describe the dynamic process of university entrepreneurship based on the literature synthesis. The presented definition of “entrepreneurial university” co...
The development of an entrepreneurial university
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An entrepreneurial society refers to places where knowledge-based entrepreneurship has emerged as a driving force for economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness. In this context, entrepreneurial universities play an important role as both knowledge-producer and a disseminating institution. In the literature, several studies contributed with relevant findings. Most of these studies reveal a tendency to use case studies to explain this phenomenon justified by the embryonic nature of the topic field, and with the lack of a robust theoretical framework to understand it. No empirical study, however, has highlighted the interrelations among environmental and internal factors that conditioned the development of entrepreneurial universities with the teaching, research and entrepreneurial missions that they need to achieve. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of these interrelations identifying the most critical factors that conditioned these missions and to this end brings a proposal model to measure this phenomenon empirically in the light of the Institutional Economics and the Resource-Based View. The methodology adopted is integrated by the Spanish Entrepreneurial University Scoreboard to identify this phenomenon and Structural Equation Modeling to analyze the relationships among independent and dependent variables that integrate the proposal model of entrepreneurial university. This research could cover invaluable strategies to bring further benefits to society (in terms of the creation of new business and employment) and, in particular, to educational institutions.
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Universities are increasingly paying more attention to developing academic entrepreneurship. This paper analyses the existing relationships between the relevant factors that contribute to the development of the entrepreneurial university. A previously validated questionnaire was administered to a sample of 84 deans of a number of faculties in Spain. The aim was to assess the universities’ development in terms of 13 influencing factors in encouraging entrepreneurship. The findings show that universities’ contextual factors had only minor influence on internal factors. Internal resources were found to be moderately or highly correlated with the processes put in place by universities to promote entrepreneurship. In particular, reference to entrepreneurship in a university’s mission, strategy, policies and procedures had a correlation with all the entrepreneurship factors analysed. Support from the management team and organisational design were not among the most important factors; howe...
Entrepreneurial University: Conceptions and Evolution of Theoretical Models
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In this research, a discussion is promoted regarding concepts, theories and main works that deal with the phenomenon of the Entrepreneurial University, with the aim of arousing instigations and reflections for the development of future research on this theme. The main contributions are the formulation of a frame of concepts, and the presentation of three predominant theoretical models, considering that the first uses the Institutional Theory, the second, the Systems Theory, and the third, a junction of these. To these contributions it is associated the presentation of theoretical approaches, used for the analysis of different objects at the Entrepreneurial University.
Entrepreneurial University Conceptualization: Case of Developing Countries
Purpose: The main purpose of the present paper is to elaborate an entrepreneurial university conceptualization which could be appropriate for developing countries.A conceptualization which distinguishes between different elements of entrepreneurial universities in developing countries,and identifies the common ones. This conceptualization considers the indigenous aspects and the contextual factors. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used a qualitative approach to investigate the concept, more deeply, in developing countries. In order to do so, a series of semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted with ten experts in this domain. Coding of qualitative data - both interviews and documents - was used to identify new dimensions, elements, and variables. The experts were chosen from knowledgeable individuals in this domain in the universities, including university officials, professors, and officials of the Science and Technology Parks. It should be noted that non-probability sampling technique, i.e. judgmental sampling were used to find the knowledgeable experts of this field of study. Findings: This study presents a conceptualization for entrepreneurial universities in the developing countries. The findings reveal that there are four main elements in the proposed entrepreneurial university conceptualization, which are as follows: resources, capabilities, mission, and impeding elements. Practical implications: The results of the present study could be used for policy making in the higher education sector of developing countries. Also, the results might be compared with the other conceptualizations in different contexts.
Entrepreneurial university: towards a better understanding of past trends and future directions
Objective: This study sought to explore and analyse the literature, related to the Entrepreneurial University, published in the ISI Web of Science, from 1900 to the resent. The objectives of this paper are, first, to describe how this field of research is organised in terms of publications, authors and sources (i.e. documents) and, second, to identify the main references cited and ways in which they are grouped (i.e. clusters). In addition, this article discusses how this literature presents challenges. Namely, from the knowledge acquired with the bibliometric study of what has already been researched and the limits of these studies, the research opportunities are ascertained for this area. Methodology: The documents obtained from a search of the ISI Web of Science were subjected to a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. Results: A systematic literature review showed that universities are increasingly dedicated to the commercialisation of knowledge. The results include three clusters: Cluster one – ‘Entrepreneurial Universities’ focuses on changes in the university paradigm; Cluster two – ‘Academic Entrepreneurship’ refers to the commercialisation of knowledge; and Cluster three – ‘Creation of Technology-Based Companies’ focuses on spin-off creation. Originality: By studying the citation profile of documents on the entrepreneurial university, we have contributed to a better understanding of the flow of production and scientific practices since the beginning of the twenty-first century. We also examined research tendencies in order to identify the emergent areas of this field.
Purpose -The present paper aims to elaborate and consolidate the existing knowledge of the entrepreneurial university domain, and also seeks to provide a framework for the third generation of universities, i.e. Entrepreneurial Universities. In this research the third mission of universities is considered alongside traditional teaching and research directions. Thus, a systematic framework will be offered to explain the dynamics and detenninants of these entities. Design/methodology/approach -Since this area of research is at its embryonic stage, and a variety of fragmented researches have been done by various authors, researchers and scholars, and also as we were looking for a systematic framework, in our study we took advantage of systems theory and presented a systematic approach using the IPOO Model (Input-Process-Output-Outcomes Model). Thus, we conducted a set of semi structured interviews with 25 experts in this domain. Our experts were selected amongst university professors, policy makers, and higher education officials oflran. Coding of the gathered data was done in three phases and resulted in some concepts and constructs and a preliminary framework. Afterwards, the interviewees attended a focus group, and revised the framework. Findings -An entrepreneurial university could be defined and described as a dynamic system, which includes special inputs (Effective researches in line with the market needs, Innovations and inventions, Entrepreneurial networks, and Entrepreneurial centers) and aims to mobilize all of its resources, abilities and capabilities in order to fulfill its "Third Mission". Practical implications -This study focuses on the concept of Entrepreneurial University, and tries to consolidate the factors mentioned in the relevant literature on university entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial university and synthesize those factors with expert's views in this area of study. Simply put, the result of this paper is a systematic framework for a typical Entrepreneurial University. OriginaJity/value -The principal contribution of this paper is the systematic framework for an entrepreneurial university. While there is a variety of models and architectures in the literature, there is not a universal, acceptable, comprehensive and especially "systematic" fi·amework. This article is going to fill this gap. It also updates the knowledge in the entrepreneurial university domain; provides a common view for scholars, academics, policy-makers and other beneficiaries; and prepares a fertile background for future studies.