Potential of Vesicles to Optimize Topically Applied Formulations with Enhanced Skin Penetration of Drugs 2017 (original) (raw)

Chapter 1 Potential of stratum corneum lipid liposome as a tool for screening of chemical penetration enhancers 1.5 Chapter conclusion……………………………………………………………………..33 Chapter 2 Development of penetration enhancing vesicular carriers based on the skinpenetration enhancing properties of materials 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..……34 2.2 Materials and methods………………………………………………………………….35 2.2.1. Materials 2.2.2. Determination of skin penetration-enhancing effect of phospholipid and non-ionic surfactant dispersions 2.2.3. Preparation of liposomes and niosomes 2.2.4. Characterizations of liposomes and niosomes 2.2.5. In vitro skin permeation experiments of caffeine from liposomes and niosomes 2.2.6. Determination of the effect of pretreatment of caffeine-free phospholipid dispersions and liposomes on the caffeine permeation through skin 2.2.7. Determination of the skin permeation of caffeine from the physical mixture of blank liposomes and caffeine solution (caffeine-spiked liposomes) 2.2.8. Determination of the skin permeation of caffeine from caffeine-entrapped liposomes 2.2.9. Determination of caffeine content 2.2.10. Statistical analysis 2.3 Results……………………………………………………………………………….…..40 2.3.1. Skin penetration-enhancing effect of phospholipids and non-ionic surfactants 2.3.2. Characteristics of liposomes and niosomes 2.3.3. Skin permeation of caffeine from liposomes and niosomes 2.3.4. Effect of pretreatment with caffeine-free phospholipid dispersions and liposomes on the skin permeation of caffeine 2.3.5. Effect of physical mixture of blank liposomes and caffeine solution (caffeine-spiked liposomes) on the skin permeation of caffeine 2.3.6. Effect of caffeine-entrapped liposomes on the skin permeation of caffeine 2.4 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..50