Reactions of ortho- and meta-carboranes with elemental sulfur (original) (raw)
Related papers
The Decline of the Americal Welfare State
Social Policy & Administration, 1992
Events of the last quarter-century conspire to force a reappraisal of liberal orthodoxy regarding the American welfare state. The question that emerges is whether liberals should adhere to the format which has guided the elaboration of social programs since the New Dealin other words, topreserve the welfare stateor, in the face of a conservative tide that continues to run high, to strike out for new ideological groundto reconstruct the welfare state. While many progressives defend the American welfare state, cracks in the foundation of welfare state liberalism are evident in an increasing recognition on the part of liberal welfare philosophers of "pluralism" in welfare (Kamerman, I 983; Walzer, 1986; Johnson, 1987; Stoesz, I&), that the American welfare state is "adrift" (Gilbert, 1986), and that "rethinking social welfare" is in order (Morris, 1986).' These are contemporaneous with the attempt by the Right to formulate a conservative, "new paradigm", for domestic policy (Butler, 1987; Butler and Kondratas, 1987; Risen, 1990, DeParle and Applebome, 1991). The interaction of philosophical pluralism and political conservatism bodes ill for welfare state liberalism. An awkward synthesis of private and public initiatives, which are dispersed among federal, state and local organizations, the American welfare state has never equalled its northern European counterparts in adequacy and comprehensiveness. Nonetheless, since the enactment of the Social Security Act of 1935, liberals have struggled to forge a coherent system of welfare programs around the federal government. During the War on Poverty of the mid-r960s, this strategy seemed viable; major programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, were added to the American welfare state. Continued expansion of the governmental welfare state seemed less likely as a consequence of the conservatism of the 1980s, however. By the I ggos, social, political, and economic circumstances in the United States precluded new governmental initiatives, in so doing effectively stalemating the American welfare state. Public defection from the welfare state The decline of the American welfare state can be traced to multiple reinforcing factors. Primary among these are significant changes in the social, political, '3 (1990: 20).
Welfare Reform, Globalization, and the Racialization of Entitlement
American Studies, 2000
In August of 1996, the United States Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRA, Public Law 104-193). l Dismantling the 60-year-old federal cash assistance program, Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC), this legislation replaced AFDC with Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)-block grants to states governed under a new set of time-limits and restrictions. Although popularly known as "welfare reform" the PRA instead radically transformed the character of public assistance. Welfare was no longer a social safety net but a temporary program designed to encourage marriage and other "family values" among the nation's poor and to move welfare recipients as quickly as possible into the workforce. Along with a five-year lifetime limit on cash benefits and new work requirements, the PRA implemented strict restrictions on welfare eligibility, banning large sectors of the American public (including teenage mothers, newborn babies, convicted felons, and legal immigrants) from receiving public assistance. The political discourse that fueled welfare reform reveals much about how a neoliberal vision of the global economy shaped the connection between changing ideas about what kinds of people are deserving of state protection and American entitlements and the broader context of the triumph of the neoliberal vision of the global economy based on the ascendancy of free markets and the diminution of state social responsibility. As in the past, the contemporary welfare debate pitted the interests of a white citizenry against the de-legitimized claims of an undeserving and "alien" underclass. Welfare reform hinged on the belief that welfare and the culture it bred-not poverty-most harmed the poor. While
Va. J. Soc. Pol'y & L., 1996
It might be argued that the young African-American male is an even more stereotypical image of the problematic poor, but dependency on welfare is not the chief problem that politicians or the public associates with this group. See generally Douglas S. Massey, Getting Away with Murder: Segregation and Violent Crime in Urban America, 143 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1203 (1995) (discussing and proposing solutions to the increasinig rates of violent crime and crime victimization among African-American men). Hence, the image that dominates the discourse on welfare reform is generally, and historically, the female single parent.