Nanoscale Surface Modification (original) (raw)
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Surface Modification in Microsystems and Nanosystems
Phenomena in microsystems and nanosystems are influenced by the device walls due to the high surface-area-to-volume ratios that are a characteristic feature of these systems. The role of surfaces in these small-scale systems has led to natural interest in developing methods to manipulate surface-mediated phenomena toward improving device performance, developing next generation systems, and mitigating problems that arise due to interfacial interactions between surfaces and materials within microscale and nanoscale systems. This report presents a critical review of the existing literature as it relates to role of surfaces and surface modification in microsystems and nanosystems. In addition, this report strives to present this literature review with an eye on the tutorial aspect of surface modification for new researchers. Toward the dual goal of presenting a tutorial review with a critical analysis of literature many open scientific questions are discussed. Both chemical and physical surface modification methods are discussed with several examples, applications, and a brief description of underlying theory. The importance of surfaces in microsystems and nanosystems and the applicability of controlling surface properties in a systematic manner for both fundamental science and applied studies is also discussed. The readers are pointed to several pioneering research efforts over the years that have made surface modification and surface science a rich, diverse, and multi-disciplinary research field. It is hoped that this report will assist researchers from diverse fields by providing a collection of varied references and encourage the next generation of surface scientists and engineers to significantly advance the state of knowledge.
Surface modification of polymers. V. Biomaterial applications
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry
In previous papers we have studied a method for surface modification, in which an unsaturated monomer is photografted onto a polymer surface.' When glycidyl methacrylate is grafted onto the surface a reactive surface containing ...
Water-Based Layer-by-Layer Surface Chemical Modification of Biomimetic Materials: Oil Repellency
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013
Biomimetic materials possessing hierarchical surface roughness thrive when complementary terminal chemical functionality is introduced. However, incorporating terminal functionality on the biomimetic material is the challenge, especially, when its roughness needs to be preserved. Hence, we report surface chemical modification of biomimetic materials through water-based layer-by-layer deposition. The amine terminated biomimetic replica PDMS-replica Silica/NH 2 was prepared by treating silica-modified replica (i.e., PDMS-replica Silica) with the aqueous solution of branched ethoxylated polyethylenimine (EPEI). Next, −CF 3 terminal PDMS-replica Silica/NH 2 /CF 3 was obtained by treating PDMS-replica Silica/NH 2 with the aqueous solution of phosphate ester fluorosurfactant. PDMS-replica Silica/NH 2 /CF 3 showed superhydrophobicity (advancing θ water ≈ 140°) and high oil repellency (advancing θ oil ≈ 110°). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed well-organized terminal −CF 3 groups present on the PDMS-replica Silica/NH 2 /CF 3 surface. During the process of layer-by-layer deposition, the surface topography was monitored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This method could be extended to get desired terminal chemical functionality on the biomimetic materials which would furnish interesting surface properties in air or under water.
Functionality of Nanopatterned Polymer Surfaces
MOJ Polymer Science, 2017
The different methods of the nanopatterning of polymer layers, UV laser ablation, plasma depositing technique, electrochemical deposition and soft lithography are discussed as methods of surface patterning. The different surface functionalities are described, especially the effects of increased surface hydrophobicity/ superhydrophobicity created by coating substrates with low surface energy material coupled with controlling the polymer surface roughness at both micro-and nanoscale, with many of these hydrophobic layers representing bio-inspired surfaces. Cell adhesion onto nanopatterned polymer surfaces, bacteria and biomolecules immobilization, and cancer cell isolation are discussed as switchable functionalities. A new field is self-assembled monolayers formed from polymers, which can modulate a surface functionality from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity, forming highly ordered molecular structures to bind different biomolecules and to create stimuli-responsive polymer systems. These polymers have the potential to tune surface wettability to a desired level with a controlled surface structure and smoothness. Examples are described of rotaxenes which are polymeric self-assembled monolayers which can form molecular devices/nanodevices.
Recent Developments in the Surface Modification of Polymers
Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly, 2006
Selected trends and scientific achievements in the surface modification of polymers are reported. In this context, both UV-light triggered free radical polymerization-based techniques relevant to industrial processes and ring-opening metathesis polymerization-based chemistry, relevant for the manufacture of specialty materials, are addressed.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2009
The oil-repellent performance of a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based biomimetic replica (PDMS-replica) was tuned by modifying its surface chemical composition. PDMS-replica possessing a complementary combination of hierarchical roughness and mixed-CF 3 and-SiCH 3 terminal functionality was prepared in the presence of a surface-modifying agent, using nanocasting based on soft lithography. PDMS-replica showed superhydrophobicity and enhanced oil repellency, θ oil ∼ 86°. PDMS-replica was further modified with silica nanoparticles followed by chemical vapor deposition of (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trichlorosilane. The-CF 3 terminal, silica-modified PDMS-replica (i.e., PDMS-replica silica/CF 3) showed both superhydrophobic and high oil-repellent properties (advancing θ oil ∼ 120°). During the process of each chemical transformation, the surface pattern present on PDMS-replica was preserved and monitored using scanning electron microscopy. Surface chemical compositions of PDMS-replica and PDMSreplica silica/CF 3 were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Understanding the extent of adhesion on a biomimetic replica possessing different surface chemical compositions and roughness would provide fundamental information for various applications.
Nanoscale Engineering for Biomaterial Surfaces
Whereas the characteristic dimension of a mammalian cell is of the order of a few microns, cell-surface structures (receptors, receptor clusters, lamellopodia, filopodia) that are used to sample the external environment and interact with biomaterials are on the order of a few tenths of a nanometer. It is fairly well established that biological events invoked on or around a biomaterial are dictated in part by material surface properties, such as chemistry and topography, which, in turn, have a bearing on cellular functions. Despite the well-accepted notion that the interactions between cell-surface structures and a biomaterial surface alter cell functions (e.g., cell attachment, cell migration, cell division, cell differentiation, and cell-cell interactions), relatively few technologies exist that can engineer a biomaterial surface at the nanoscale. Current material-surface-modification strategies can be broadly classified into two categories: 1) those that impact surface chemistry, such as chemical etching, plasma treatment, and polymer adsorption; and 2) those that alter surface topography, for instance, mechanical roughening, nano-and microindentation, and substrate-templating using a well-defined relief to impart topography by using solvent-casting, electro-deposition, chemical-vapor deposition, or compression-molding processes. The limitations of all these approaches are their specificity to a class of material and their inability to effect chemistry and topography predictably in a simultaneous fashion.
Bio-nanopatterning of Surfaces
Nanoscale Research Letters, 2007
Bio-nanopatterning of surfaces is a very active interdisciplinary field of research at the interface between biotechnology and nanotechnology. Precise patterning of biomolecules on surfaces with nanometre resolution has great potential in many medical and biological applications ranging from molecular diagnostics to advanced platforms for fundamental studies of molecular and cell biology. Bio-nanopatterning technology has advanced at a rapid pace in the last few years with a variety of patterning methodologies being developed for immobilising biomolecules such as DNA, peptides, proteins and viruses at the nanoscale on a broad range of substrates. In this review, the status of research and development are described, with particular focus on the recent advances on the use of nanolithographic techniques as tools for biomolecule immobilisation at the nanoscale. Present strengths and weaknesses, as well future challenges on the different nanolithographic bio-nanopatterning approaches are discussed.
Surface Modification: Approaches and Utilities
Current Applied Polymer Science, 2019
Surface modification is the modification of the surface (either of carrier, drug or targeting moiety) by which solubility, opsonization, adhesion, longer circulation, and bioconjugation of an object can be achieved. Techniques which modify surface properties of carriers, drugs, ligands, excipients, coating materials, etc. by introducing random, non-specific groups or selected, specific groups can be used to alter the surface properties of the object. Through this review, a small attempt is made to understand the surface modification techniques. In this review, several methods (surface modification by solid dispersion technique, surfactants, polaxamer and polaxamine coating, PEG (polyethylene glycol), Vitamin E, Dextran derivatives, Chitosan coating, chemicals, gas and through layer by layer techniques) are discussed for surface modification. A concise review was done to explore the availability of techniques and agents available to introduce a specific group into the object.