CONSERVATION OF THE LATE ROMANESQUE SANDSTONE PORTAL OF THE CHURCH OF THE PREMONSTRATENSIAN CONVENT IN KRAKÓW, POLAND (original) (raw)
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2019
The article presents a detailed description of the conservation state of the unique gothic alabaster portal of the parish church in Drohobych. It also defines the position of the portal in the plan of the church. The main reasons and consequences of the deterioration of the alabaster stone are established. The article studies and supplements the historical background on the portal's foundation and the changes that arose during the reconstruction in the twentieth century. According to the results of the carried out researches (microanalysis, visual observation, comparison), this article establishes a deposit from which the stone was supplied for the construction of the portal. Microanalysis of the selected samples showed the alabaster’s structure and type, natural process of the dissolution of alabaster crystals, components of cement mortars.
81-The stone decay of the portal of the basilica of SS. Giovanni and Paolo in Venice
Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lisbon, 1992
The reliefs of thè Portai were made from three different types os stone: Istrian stone, Verona red stone and Carrara marble. According to their texture and structure and their different exposition to rainwater, each of them decayed differently. To assess thè morphology of deterioration samples of decayed stone were taken from different parts of thè Portai and were analysed by means of SEM and EDAX techniques, X-ray diffraction and liquid ion chromatography. It is very interesting to observe that thè very well known phenomenon of gypsum crystals formation is accompanied by thè presence of metallic spherical particles with a smooth surface. These particles were identified as formed by Silicon and aluminium and also by a significant presence of iron. The last is not generally found and is surprisingly represented in large amounts ranging from 5 to 10%. The iron particles are very efficient as catalysts in thè sulphur dioxide, in fact they are completely surrounded by gypsum crystals.
2020
The Main Portal of the Cathedral of Monreale is one of its magnificent external architectural elements. Recently, a conservation campaign was carried out for increasing its state of conservation, endangered by physical decays phenomena. The previous restorations, occurred over time, and the rising damp have contributed to its worsening. An integrated and multi-analytical diagnostic campaign has been provided to investigate the constitutive materials, the decays and the restorations coverings. Thanks to the analytical results, it was set a sustainable conservation treatment aimed to remove the causes of decays in view of the retractability of the original matter in the future. A difficult and complex cleaning was performed to remove the old coverings and safeguard traces of the original polychromy. An inorganic-mineral consolidating treatment, ammonium phosphate based, was carried out to re-give cohesion to the powdered marble especially in presence of water and salts. Several strate...
The church of Saint Martin (Trujillo, Spain): Study of the stone degradation
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2013
The Church of Saint Martin is located in Trujillo (Caceres, Spain) and it was built in the 15th century. The subsoil is of granitic type. The climate of this area is Mediterranean type and the air pollution is scarce and of little relevance in terms of stone degradation. The predominant stone in the monument is of granitic type originated from local quarries. After a careful sampling of the building, a mineralogicalpetrographical analysis was performed applying the following analytical techniques: X-Ray Diffraction and Polarized Optical Microscopy. Through visual inspection it was determined that the general conservation state of the building was quite good; however grain disgregation was detected in areas affected by raising damp and therefore some sculptural decoration was ruined. Abundant saline efflorescence also existed. Furthermore, a great variety of mortars that has been used during previous restoration works was also detected. The composition of these mortars is based on lime and crushed stone, Portland cement and arid-containing plaster that could be the source of the high level of efflorescence. This study has allowed proposing some actions to protect the monument.
The Late Gothic Portal in Trebišov Pauline Order Church, Architecture and Geometry
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Gothic architecture is one of the oldest surviving architecture in Slovakia. The Church of Pauline Order in Trebišov has many building phases; its entrance stone portal belongs to the later phase dated about the second half of the 15th century. Paper focuses on an architectural features and geometry of this portal. Portal has clearly a geometrical construction that is compared to another late gothic portal from church in Handlová. Conclusion suggests, that ratio of the entire portal dimensions is close to 4 : 3, proportions of jamb and opening widths are 1 : 4 : 1 part of the overall portal width and there highly probably existed some simple method of determining position of pointed arch arches.
Applied Sciences
During the last restoration campaign of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence (Italy), the assessment of the state of conservation of external surfaces was performed, with a multi-analytical approach, in order to support the conservation and restoration treatments. Black crusts, red staining, sulphation, and organic patinas were identified. Moreover, a complete characterization of marble cladding, bricks, and mortars was carried out. A geochemical and minero-petrographic approach was used in order to classify and assess the provenance of marbles, and define raw materials and technologies of the production for bricks and mortars. Provenances from Italy (Carrara and Lasa marbles) and from Greece (Hymettus and Pentelicum marbles) were identified and attributed to different construction phases, restoration interventions, and re-use of ancient materials. For mortars, the obtained data suggested the use of local materials and traditional technologies for the production. Overall, two ...
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2017
A carving of the indoor main altar of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague (Czech Republic) is made of the opuka stone-a clayey-calcareous silicite-which now exhibits the development of decay phenomena such as the formation of salt-laden case-hardened subsurface layer (approx. 150 mm thick), with detachment of the case-hardened layer manifested by blistering and/or flaking. Formation of this gypsum-rich layer is linked to the reaction of components (SO 2) from polluted air (both outdoor and indoor) and from the rock itself (calcium ion from calcite). Development of brittle damage in the subsurface layer and underlying stone is interpreted based on the results from previous environmental monitoring in the Cathedral's interior, which indicated highly fluctuating temperature and humidity, resulting in a hygrothermal stress in the material described by the ''double-layer sandwich'' model. The sensitivity of the studied stone to the above-mentioned processes is evidenced by its microstructural properties, specifically parameters of the pore spaces which indicate an extremely high susceptibility to damage by the actions of freezing water and/or salt crystallisation. Keywords Opuka stone Á Prague Á St. Vitus Cathedral Á Main altar Á Damage mechanisms Á Environmental monitoring This article is part of a Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on ''Geomaterials used as construction raw materials and their environmental interactions'' guest edited by Richard Přikryl, Á kos Török, Magdalini Theodoridou, and Miguel Gomez-Heras.