A study on the accumulation of nine heavy metals in some important fish species from a natural reservoir in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (original) (raw)

Abstract

Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) in the muscles of four fish species (O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, P. latipinna, and A. d. dispar) collected from the Riyadh River were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two different seasons in 2012. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna were found to be below the safe limits suggested by various authorities. This study also showed that Zn was predominant, while Cr was least accumulated metal in the studied fish muscles. Data demonstrated that there was a significant variation in the heavy-metal concentrations in different fish species in the Riyadh River. Significant positive correlations between heavy-metal concentrations in fish muscles were also found both in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Metal pollution index was calculated to distinguish polluted from unpolluted ecosystems based upon current knowledge of metal bioavailability, bioconcentration, and bioaccumulation patterns. From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was a possible health risk to consumers due to the intake of Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna under the current consumption rate in the country.

Figures (9)

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/ 10. 1080/ 02772248.2014.957485 Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arisil out of the use of the Content.

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/ 10. 1080/ 02772248.2014.957485 Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arisil out of the use of the Content.

Table 1. Heavy-metal concentration (mg/kg dry weight) for various fish species from a natural reservoir in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Table 1. Heavy-metal concentration (mg/kg dry weight) for various fish species from a natural reservoir in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Table 2. Comparison of heavy-metal accumulation in fish muscle with reported values from various parts of the world. Note: ND: not detected; NA: not analyzed. “Values present in the ranges or mean expressed as mg/kg dry weight. >Values present the ranges or mean expressed as mg/kg wet weight.

Table 2. Comparison of heavy-metal accumulation in fish muscle with reported values from various parts of the world. Note: ND: not detected; NA: not analyzed. “Values present in the ranges or mean expressed as mg/kg dry weight. >Values present the ranges or mean expressed as mg/kg wet weight.

Figure 1. Concentration of Cr, Cd, and Pb in white muscle of fishes from a natural reservoir in Riyadh in two different seasons. Nickel normally occurs at low levels in the environment and produces a variety of pulmo- nary adverse health effects, such as inflammation, fibrosis, emphysema, and tumors (Forti et al. 2011). In this study, the highest amount of Ni was found in P. Jatipinna (7.81 mg/kg) and the lowest amount in C. gariepinus (3.27 mg/kg). The range of Ni concentration in the four species of fish was 3.27—7.81 mg/kg and 2.84—6.11 mg/kg in the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon, respectively (Figure 2). These values are similar to that reported by Sharif et al. (1993). Ni concentrations in the river water fish except P. /atipinna were below the established safe level of 5.5 mg/kg by the Western Australian Food and Drug Regula- tions (Plaskett and Potter 1979).

Figure 1. Concentration of Cr, Cd, and Pb in white muscle of fishes from a natural reservoir in Riyadh in two different seasons. Nickel normally occurs at low levels in the environment and produces a variety of pulmo- nary adverse health effects, such as inflammation, fibrosis, emphysema, and tumors (Forti et al. 2011). In this study, the highest amount of Ni was found in P. Jatipinna (7.81 mg/kg) and the lowest amount in C. gariepinus (3.27 mg/kg). The range of Ni concentration in the four species of fish was 3.27—7.81 mg/kg and 2.84—6.11 mg/kg in the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon, respectively (Figure 2). These values are similar to that reported by Sharif et al. (1993). Ni concentrations in the river water fish except P. /atipinna were below the established safe level of 5.5 mg/kg by the Western Australian Food and Drug Regula- tions (Plaskett and Potter 1979).

Figure 2. Concentration of Ni, AS, and Fe in white muscle of fishes from a natural reservoir ir Riyadh in two different seasons.

Figure 2. Concentration of Ni, AS, and Fe in white muscle of fishes from a natural reservoir ir Riyadh in two different seasons.

Zinc is a heavy metal, has a tendency to get bioaccumulated in the fatty tissues of aquatic organisms, including fish, and is known to affect reproductive physiology in fishes. Zinc, an essential micronutrient for both animals and humans, is a cofactor in nearly 300 enzymes in all marine organisms. Zinc toxicity is rare, yet it can be toxic above the limit of 50 mg/kg wet weight in muscle. It appears to have a protective effect against the toxic- ities of both Cd and Pb. Gorell et al. (1997) reported that chronic exposure to Cu and Zn is associated with Parkinson’s disease and these elements might act alone or together over time to initiate the disease (Prasad 1983). Fish are known to have a high threshold level of Zn. The concentration of Zn in the muscles of the sampled fish species in this study ranged from 197.61 to 440.76 mg/kg and 187.51 to 422.61mg/kg as a dry weight basis in the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon, respectively (Figure 3). The highest amount of Zn was recorded in A. d. dispar (410.71 mg/kg as dry weight) and lowest in C. griepinus (197.61 mg/kg) among the four species of fish in this study. The amount of Zn determined in all the fish samples was below the standard of 1000 mg/kg set by

Zinc is a heavy metal, has a tendency to get bioaccumulated in the fatty tissues of aquatic organisms, including fish, and is known to affect reproductive physiology in fishes. Zinc, an essential micronutrient for both animals and humans, is a cofactor in nearly 300 enzymes in all marine organisms. Zinc toxicity is rare, yet it can be toxic above the limit of 50 mg/kg wet weight in muscle. It appears to have a protective effect against the toxic- ities of both Cd and Pb. Gorell et al. (1997) reported that chronic exposure to Cu and Zn is associated with Parkinson’s disease and these elements might act alone or together over time to initiate the disease (Prasad 1983). Fish are known to have a high threshold level of Zn. The concentration of Zn in the muscles of the sampled fish species in this study ranged from 197.61 to 440.76 mg/kg and 187.51 to 422.61mg/kg as a dry weight basis in the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon, respectively (Figure 3). The highest amount of Zn was recorded in A. d. dispar (410.71 mg/kg as dry weight) and lowest in C. griepinus (197.61 mg/kg) among the four species of fish in this study. The amount of Zn determined in all the fish samples was below the standard of 1000 mg/kg set by

p: Level of significance. “Season: pre-monsoon. >Fish species: O. niloticus; P. latipinna; C. gariepinus; A. A. dispar. Table 3. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effect of inter-season and inter-species on the variation of concentration of various metals in fish muscle.

p: Level of significance. “Season: pre-monsoon. >Fish species: O. niloticus; P. latipinna; C. gariepinus; A. A. dispar. Table 3. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effect of inter-season and inter-species on the variation of concentration of various metals in fish muscle.

Table 4. Correlation between heavy metals in the fish samples during the two seasons (pre- anc post-monsoon). of fish muscle burden (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) from the study area (Riyadh River) were selected. Such normalization is used to account for the biological variation in a non-polluted area. Since no significant difference was observed between metal concentration except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in A. d. dispar and O. niloticus in the study area, the sample was pooled so reference values represent the mean of 49 specimens (Table 5). Furthermore, data were logarithmically transformed to achieve normal distribution of the element values and, what is more important, to diminish the more than 1000-fold difference between least and most abundant elements. Without such transfor- mation, the least abundant elements would be without influence on the results (Julshamn and Grahl-Nielsen 1996). - ETT 1

Table 4. Correlation between heavy metals in the fish samples during the two seasons (pre- anc post-monsoon). of fish muscle burden (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) from the study area (Riyadh River) were selected. Such normalization is used to account for the biological variation in a non-polluted area. Since no significant difference was observed between metal concentration except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in A. d. dispar and O. niloticus in the study area, the sample was pooled so reference values represent the mean of 49 specimens (Table 5). Furthermore, data were logarithmically transformed to achieve normal distribution of the element values and, what is more important, to diminish the more than 1000-fold difference between least and most abundant elements. Without such transfor- mation, the least abundant elements would be without influence on the results (Julshamn and Grahl-Nielsen 1996). - ETT 1

Note: Reference values mean (n = 49) concentration in pooled sample from Riyadh River. Table 5. Comparison of the estimated daily intake of heavy metals from fish species studied with the recommended daily dietary intake.

Note: Reference values mean (n = 49) concentration in pooled sample from Riyadh River. Table 5. Comparison of the estimated daily intake of heavy metals from fish species studied with the recommended daily dietary intake.

Key takeaways

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  1. The study identifies significant metal pollution in four fish species from Riyadh River, particularly Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu.
  2. A total of nine heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, Fe) were analyzed in fish tissues.
  3. Zn was the most accumulated metal, while Cr showed the least accumulation among the studied species.
  4. The Metal Pollution Index (MPI) of 1.87 indicates that the ecosystem is considered polluted.
  5. Potential health risks exist for consumers of Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna due to heavy metal concentrations.

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